Why has the ‘15-minute city’ taken off in Paris but become a controversial idea in the UK?
-Urbanist Carlos Moreno on how his concept is transforming French life and what is hindering change across the Channel

为什么“15分钟城市”在巴黎成功了，但在英国却成了一个有争议的想法？
——城市规划师卡洛斯·莫雷诺讲述了他的概念如何改变法国人的生活，以及是什么阻碍了英吉利海峡对岸的变化


(Clichy-Batignolles in the north-west of Paris has been transformed with a quarter of the area taken up by green space and a new park.)

（位于巴黎西北部的克里希-巴蒂尼奥勒已经被改造，四分之一的面积被绿地和一个新的公园所占据。）
新闻：

The “15-minute city” has become a toxic phrase in the UK, so controversial that the city of Oxford has stopped using it and the transport minister has spread discredited conspiracy theories about the urban planning scheme.

在英国，“15分钟城市”已成为一个有毒的词汇，争议如此之大，以至于牛津郡已停止使用这个词，交通大臣也散布了有关该城市规划方案的不可信的阴谋论。

But while fake news spreads about officials enacting “climate lockdowns” to “imprison” people in their neighbourhoods, across the Channel, Parisians are enjoying their new 15-minute neighbourhoods. The French are stereotyped for their love of protest, so the lack of uproar around the redesign of their capital is in stark contrast to the frenzied response in Oxford.

然而，尽管有关官员实施“气候封锁”、将人们“囚禁”在自己社区的假新闻四处传播，但在英吉利海峡对岸，巴黎人正在享受他们新的15分钟社区。人们对法国人的印象是他们喜欢抗议，因此，没看到对首都重新设计的不满骚动，与牛津的狂热反应形成鲜明对比。

Carlos Moreno, a jovial and owlish professor at the Sorbonne University, came up with the phrase “15-minute cities” and has been quietly getting on setting them up in Paris. He has a bemused air when asked about how his modest proposal for a more enjoyable urban life has caused such vile conspiracy theories, and takes it all in good humour despite the death threats and other abuse he has received.

索邦大学教授卡洛斯·莫雷诺是一位性格开朗、猫头鹰般的的教授，他提出了“15分钟城市”这一说法，并一直在悄悄地在巴黎建立这样的城市。当被问及他为更愉快的城市生活提出的温和建议如何引发了如此恶毒的阴谋论时，他显得很困惑，尽管他收到了死亡威胁和其他辱骂，但他还是很幽默地接受了这一切。

Moreno says: “We don’t have the conspiracy mongers, because it is impossible to say in Paris that Moreno wants to create a new Paris lockdown. This is impossible to say that I am Pol Pot or that I am Stalin – because we live in Paris, I can invite guests to visit me and they see this is impossible.

莫雷诺说：“我们没有阴谋贩子，因为在巴黎不可能说‘莫雷诺想要建立一个新的巴黎封锁’。说我是波尔布特或斯大林是不可能的——因为我们住在巴黎，我可以邀请客人来拜访我，而他们认为这是不可能的。

“We have created a lot of new districts and they have been popular. The opposition in Paris is not the same that you have in the UK, because nobody can say in Paris we want to create an open jail – this is evident that it is not the case. We have beautiful new green spaces and areas to live.”

“我们创建了很多新区，它们很受欢迎。巴黎的反对者和英国的不一样，因为没有人能在巴黎说我们想要建立一个开放的监狱——很明显，情况并非如此。我们有美丽的新绿色空间和居住区域。”

Moreno has been working with the Paris mayor, Anne Hidalgo, to make its arrondissements more prosperous and pleasurable to live in. He says there are 50 15-minute cities up and running, with more to come.

莫雷诺一直在与巴黎市长安妮·伊达尔戈合作，使巴黎各区更加繁荣，居住更加愉快。他说，现在有50个15分钟的城市正在运行，未来还会有更多。

“We have an outstanding mayor, who is committed to tackling climate change. She said the 15-minute city will be the backbone for creating a new urban plan. The last time Paris had a new urban plan was in 2000, so this road map will be relevant for the next 10 or 15 years at least,” he explains.

“我们有一位杰出的市长，他致力于应对气候变化。她说，‘15分钟城市’将成为制定新城市规划的支柱。巴黎上一次制定新的城市规划是在2000年，因此这张路线图至少在未来10年或15年将具有相关性。

“I said to Hidalgo, the 15-minute city is not an urban traffic plan. The 15-minute city is a radical change of our life.”

“我对伊达尔戈说，15分钟城市不是一个城市交通计划。这个15分钟的城市彻底改变了我们的生活。”

Moreno has written a new book, The 15-Minute City, about his theory, which is being implemented in cities from Milan to Buenos Aires. In it, he explains his theory, which is quite simple. When many modern cities were designed, they were for men to work in. Their wives and family stayed in the suburbs, while the workers drove in. So they have been designed around the car, and segmented into different districts: the financial district (think Canary Wharf), the cultural area (for example, the West End) and then the suburbs. They have also often been segmented into wealthier and poorer areas; in the less prosperous area to the north-east of Paris, Moreno says up to 40% of homes are social housing. In the wealthier west of Paris, this drops below 5%.

莫雷诺写了一本新书《15分钟城市》，讲述了他的理论，并在米兰和布宜诺斯艾利斯等城市得到了应用。在书中，他解释了他的理论，这很简单。当许多现代城市被设计时，它们围绕着男性在其中工作。工人开车进城，他们的妻子和家人都住在郊区。因此，它们是围绕汽车设计的，并划分为不同的区域：金融区（想想金丝雀码头）、文化区（比如伦敦西区），然后是郊区。它们也经常被划分为较富裕和较贫穷的地区；莫雷诺说，在巴黎东北部不太繁荣的地区，多达40%的房屋是社会住房。在巴黎较富裕的西部，这一比例降至5%以下。

“My idea is to break this triple segregation,” he says.

“我的想法是打破这种三重隔离，”他说。

Moreno thinks this segregation leads to a poorer quality of life, one designed around outdated “masculine desires”, so his proposal is to mix this up, creating housing developments with a mixture of social, affordable and more expensive housing so different social strata can intermingle. He also wants to bring schools and children’s areas closer to work and home, so caregivers can more easily travel around and participate in society. He also thinks office should generally be closer to homes, as well as cultural venues, doctors, shops and other amenities. Shared spaces such as parks help the people living in the areas to form communities.

莫雷诺认为，这种隔离导致生活质量下降，是围绕过时的“男性欲望”设计的，所以他的建议是将这种隔离混合起来，创建混合了社会、经济适用房和更昂贵住房的住房开发项目，这样不同的社会阶层就可以融合在一起。他还想让学校和儿童区离工作和家庭更近，这样照顾者就可以更容易地四处旅行和参与社会活动。他还认为，办公室通常应该离家更近，还有文化场所、医生、商店和其他便利设施。公园等共享空间帮助居住在该地区的人们形成社区。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


An example of this is the new Îlot Saint-Germain development in one of Paris’s most chic neighbourhoods. It is situated in the old defence ministry, and flats with sweeping views of the Eiffel Tower go for a social rent of €600 (£515) a month.

这方面的一个例子是在巴黎最时髦的街区之一的新开发的Îlot圣日耳曼。它坐落在旧的国防部里，可以看到埃菲尔铁塔的公寓每月的社会租金为600欧元（515英镑）。

Moreno says there was some “aggressive” opposition to this, not from conspiracy theorists but from wealthy Parisians who did not want lower-income people living in their district.

莫雷诺说，有一些“激进”的反对意见，不是来自阴谋论者，而是来自富裕的巴黎人，他们不希望低收入者住在他们的地区。

“It was a scandal for the richest to have the working class living here in the 7th arrondissement. They said we will have a reduction in the price of our real estate, there will be more crime. The local mayor of the arrondissement opposed it. But now, it is so, so beautiful with increased quality of life, the development has won awards, it is a desirable place to live.”

“最富有的人让工人阶级住在第七区，这是一件丑闻。他们说我们的房价会下降，犯罪会增加。该地区的市长对此表示反对。但现在，它是如此美丽，生活质量提高，发展赢得了奖项，这是一个理想的居住地。”

The city has also been regenerating the Clichy-Batignolles district in the less prosperous north-west of Paris to have a green, village-like feel. About a quarter of it is taken up by green space and a new park.

该市还在改造位于巴黎不太繁荣的西北部的克利希-巴提尼奥勒区，使其拥有一种绿色的、村庄般的感觉。大约四分之一的面积被绿地和一个新的公园所占据。

“As a 15-minute district, it is incredible,” says Moreno. “It is beautiful, it has proximity, social mixing, 50% of the inhabitants live in social housing, 25% in middle class and 25% own their homes.”

莫雷诺说：“作为一个15分钟车程的地区，这是不可思议的。它很美，距离近，社会融合，50%的居民住在社会保障房，25%的人是中产阶级，25%的人拥有自己的房子。”

Many of his proposals are dear to the culture of the French. In a large, wealthy metropolis such as Paris, it is easy for small shops to be choked out by large chains. The city of Paris, in its new plan, has put measures in to stop this.

他的许多建议深受法国文化的喜爱。在巴黎这样一个富裕的大都市，小商店很容易被大型连锁店挤垮。巴黎市在其新计划中采取了措施来阻止这种情况。

“We have a commercial subsidiary of the city of Paris which has put €200m into managing retail areas in the city with rates below the speculative real estate market. This is specifically to rent to small shops, artisans, bakeries, bookstores. This is not only a good investment because it creates a good economic model, but it keeps the culture of the city of Paris,” says Moreno. This is in keeping with the 15-minute city plan as it keeps local shops close to housing, so people can stroll down from their apartment to pick up a fresh baguette from an independent baker. “It creates a more vibrant neighbourhood,” he adds.

“我们在巴黎市拥有一家商业子公司，该子公司已投入2亿欧元用于管理该市的零售区域，其利率低于投机性房地产市场。这是专门租给小商店、工匠、面包店、书店的。这不仅是一项好的投资，因为它创造了一个良好的经济模式，而且还保留了巴黎的城市文化，”莫雷诺说。这符合15分钟的城市规划，因为它让当地的商店离住房很近，这样人们就可以从公寓里漫步下来，从独立的面包师那里买到新鲜的法棍面包。“它创造了一个更有活力的社区，”他补充道。

Hidalgo inevitably faced a large backlash from the motorist lobby. Stroll down the banks of the Seine today in the new protected parks and outdoor bars, and it is hard to imagine that it was recently a traffic-choked highway. But with the guidance of Moreno, this became a reality.

伊达尔戈不可避免地面临着来自司机游说团体的强烈反对。今天，当你漫步在塞纳河岸边新建的受保护的公园和户外酒吧里时，你很难想象这条公路最近还是一条交通堵塞的公路。但在莫雷诺的指导下，这变成了现实。

In London, there has been a furore around the expansion of the ultra-low emissions zone in London, and attempts to pedestrianise Oxford Street, the city’s busiest shopping district, have failed. So how did Hidalgo do it?

在伦敦，人们对伦敦超低排放区的扩张感到愤怒，在伦敦最繁忙的购物区牛津街建立步行区的尝试也以失败告终。那么伊达尔戈是怎么做到的呢？

“The drivers were radically very noisy, saying that we wanted to attack their individual rights, their freedom. The motorist lobby said she cannot be elected without our support, that they are very powerful in France,” Moreno says. But Hidalgo called their bluff: “She often says ‘I was elected two times, with the opposition of the automotive lobby’. In 2024, nobody requests to open again the highway on the Seine, no one wants the Seine urban park to be open for cars.”

“司机们非常吵闹，说我们想要攻击他们的个人权利和自由。司机游说团体说，没有我们的支持，她不可能当选，他们在法国非常强大，”莫雷诺说。但伊达尔戈揭穿了他们的虚张声势：“她经常说，‘我是两次在汽车业游说团体的反对下当选的’。2024年，没有人要求重新开放塞纳河上的高速公路，没有人希望塞纳河城市公园对汽车开放。”

In his book, Moreno talks about the concept of a “giant metronome of the city” which causes people to rush around. He wants to slow this down, to allow people to reclaim their “useful time” back from commuting and travelling to shops and cultural areas.

在他的书中，莫雷诺谈到了“城市的巨型节拍器”的概念，它导致人们四处奔波。他希望减缓这一趋势，让人们从通勤和前往商店和文化区的旅行中重新获得“有用时间”。

Moreno says this is happening with or without him; after the Covid crisis many offices are selling up their large spaces in the financial district and moving closer to residential areas. People are choosing jobs they can work remotely from or that are situated closer to their homes.

莫雷诺说，不管有没有他，这种情况都会发生；在新冠肺炎危机之后，许多办公室正在出售其在金融区的大空间，并搬到离住宅区更近的地方。人们正在选择可以远程工作或离家较近的工作。

“I bet for the next year, for the next decade, we will have this new transformation of corporation real estate,” he says. “Businesses are choosing multi-use areas with housing, schools, shops for their office space now. The time of the skyscrapers in the masculine design is finished.”

他表示：“我敢打赌，明年、未来十年，我们将迎来企业地产的新转型。企业现在选择有住房、学校和商店的多功能区域作为办公场所。男性化设计的摩天大楼时代结束了。”