您能逐点介绍一下印度和中国的农业之间的区别吗？KB：中国农业在为农民融资、采购成本控制、粮食价格控制、粮食储存以及农民养老等方面全面胜出！-网帖翻译-龙腾网

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam

It would need a 1 Hour YouTube Video

这需要一个1小时的YouTube视频来讲

Let me summarize :-

让我总结一下：-

Ownership

所有权
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In China, the State Owns the Land which is leased to farmers vide Land Holdings of between 6–350 Acres each for a period of 10–99 years VS In India the Land is owned by farmers

在中国，国家拥有土地，土地租给农民，每块土地持有面积在6-350英亩之间，租期为10-99年，而在印度，土地归农民所有。

In China, Farmers can selltheir lease to someone else but the Land belongs to the State in perpetuity. In India, Farmers own Land and have the same Landowner laws as others.

在中国，农民可以将他们的租约转让给其他人，但土地永远归国家所有。在印度，农民拥有土地，并且法律规定享有与其他人相同的土地所有权。

Fertilizers, Chemicals, Seed, Equipment, Power

化肥、化学品、种子、设备、动力

In China, the State leases Equipment and Seed and Chemicals and Fertilizers all of which the State bulk buys to keep costs very low VS In India, the Farmer relies on buying all of the above himself through loans borrowed at rates between 11% to 36% a year depending on who the lender is

在中国，国家租赁设备、种子、化学品和化肥，所有这些都是国家大量购买以保持成本非常低廉，而在印度，农民依靠自己通过贷款购买上述所有物品，年利率在11%至36%之间，具体取决于放贷人。

This is Chinas big advantage

这是中国的一大优势

A Chinese Farmer averages around 45% of the Total Crop Value in all of the above against 73% for an Indian Farmer

中国农民在上述所有方面的总作物价值中平均占45%，而印度农民则占73%。

So if the Crop value is 200,000 RMB, then the farmer spends 90,000 RMB on all of the above

因此，如果作物价值为20万元人民币，那么农民在上述所有物品上花费90,000人民币。

In India if the Crop value is ₹8 Lakh, the cost of all the above is ₹5.75 lakhs

如果印度的作物价值为800000卢比，那么上述所有物品的费用为575000卢比。

Pensions

养老金

Every Rural Household owning a Farmland sells their lease on their 60th birthday if they don't have a son who can take over the lease (Or a Nephew). They get around 1100 RMB per Acre for 40 years left on the lease. They get a Pension of 543 RMB a month each for the rest of their lives. So a retiring farmer family with 30 years left on his 100 Acre lease in Hainan gets 82,500 RMB plus 1086 RMB a month VS Farmers in 7 States get a pension of ₹1800/- a month but this isn't old age based. In other states, they get squat

每个农村家庭拥有农田的人在他们60岁生日那天出售他们的租约，如果他们没有一个儿子可以接手租约（或侄子）。他们每亩土地租约剩余40年可以得到大约1100元人民币。他们终身每月都会得到543元人民币的养老金。因此，在海南，一个退休的农民家庭，在其100英亩土地租约剩余30年的情况下，每月得到82,500元人民币以及1086元人民币，而在7个邦的农民每月得到1800卢比的养老金，但这并不是基于年龄的。在其他邦，他们一文不值。

Financing

融资

In China, the State finances the Farmer VS In India the Lenders or Banks finance the Farmer

在中国，国家为农民提供资金，而在印度，贷款人或银行为农民提供资金。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Procurement

采购

In China, the State is the largest buyer of Produce. The State buys 65% of the Produce in China VS In India a system of middlemen who purchase 77% of the produce

在中国，国家是产品的最大买家。国家购买了中国65%的产品，而在印度，一个中间人系统购买了77%的产品。

Price Fixing

价格确定

In China, Prices are fixed by Farmers and the State based on the expectations of the crop. China has a universal maximum price and minimum price VS In India nobody yet has a Nationwide MSP or a MMP plus Prices aren't capped or fixed by farmers at all

在中国，价格是由农民和国家根据作物预期来确定的。中国有一个统一的最高价和最低价，而在印度，至今还没有全国性的最低支持价或最低最高价，此外，价格也不受农民的限制或固定。

Storage:-

储存：-

China stores as much as 87% of the Grain it procures VS India barely stores 15% of the Grain it produces

中国储存了其采购的谷物的87%，而印度几乎只储存了其生产的15%的谷物。

Tarang Vekariya
Related
Between China and India, which has a better agriculture industry?

相关讨论：在中国和印度之间，哪个拥有更好的农业产业？

China has better agriculture industries than india,

中国的农业产业比印度更发达，

Total food grain production of china is double than india.

中国的粮食总产量是印度的两倍。

China:608 million tone

中国：6.08亿吨

India: 260 million tone

印度：2.6亿吨
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Total agriculture land

总农业用地

India: 180 mil ha

印度：1.8亿公顷

China:386 mil ha

中国：3.86亿公顷

Population per ha agriculture land

每公顷农业用地的人口

India: 3.80

印度：3.80

China:2.65

中国：2.65

Average farm holdind

平均农场占有面积

India: 1.6 ha

印度：1.6公顷

China:0.6 ha

中国：0.6公顷

Production per ha

每公顷产量

Rice:

大米：

India:3034kg

印度：3034公斤

China:6233kg

中国：6233公斤

Wheat :

小麦：

India:2688kg

印度：2688公斤

China:4155kg

中国：4155公斤

Oil seed

油菜籽

India:909kg

印度：909公斤

China:1778kg

中国：1778公斤
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Fruit

水果

India :55 mt

印度：55吨
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

China:60 mt

中国：60吨

Mechanization level of china higher than in india

中国的机械化水平高于印度

Total productivity of food grain is double in china

中国的粮食总产量是印度的两倍

China is no 1 in export of food grain product

中国是粮食产品出口的第一大国
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

So its prove that china has better in agriculture than india.

因此，这证明了中国的农业比印度更发达。

India has better resources but the productivity of resources is very less resourse are wested

印度拥有更好的资源，但资源的生产率非常低，资源被浪费。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

If india use efficint their resources then definitely beat Chinese agriculture

如果印度有效利用他们的资源，肯定能打败中国的农业。
卡玛尔·古普塔

Related
Why is India's agriculture so backward compared to China?

相关讨论：为什么与中国相比，印度的农业如此落后？

India was desperately short of food at the time of independence. Starvation and malnutrition was the norm. We were surviving on food aid and grants. Our agriculture was monsoon dependent.

独立时期，印度严重缺粮。饥饿和营养不良是常态。我们靠食品援助和赠款生存。我们的农业依赖于季风和气候。

The first priority was to grow enough grains, which are the most basic foods. It took a long time, but by late 1960s we were self sufficient. We later started to have exportable surplus, and the situation continues today in the face of 1,300 million people.

首要任务是种植足够的粮食，这是最基本的食物。这花了很长时间，但到了1960年代末，我们变得自给自足。后来我们开始有了可出口的剩余粮食，即使面对13亿人口的情况，这种情况今天仍在持续。

The 2nd focus area was dairy production. Here too, we were miserably short, but have become the world’s largest producer. Better farming practices, a cold chain for dairy, and a supply chain from the dairy farmers to consumers have helped in this. The credit for this goes to Dr Kurien.

第二个重点是奶制品生产。在这方面，我们也非常短缺，但已成为世界上最大的生产国。更好的耕作方法、奶制品冷链以及从奶农到消费者的供应链都对此有所帮助。这要归功于库里恩博士。

Dr Kurien wanted to establish a similar lixage from vegetables farmers to consumers. He established “Safal” to do that, but vested interests (politicians & exploitative middlemen) kept on preventing him. One of his views was that India, a highly water stressed country, was growing water guzzling basmati rice for exports instead of veggies and fruits for domestic consumption. He wanted to promote that to increase farmers’ incomes and to provide better and wider nutrition to Indians.

库里恩博士希望建立一个类似的从蔬菜农民到消费者的联系。他建立了“Safal”来做这件事，但既得利益（政客和剥削性中间人）一直在阻止他。他的观点之一是，印度作为一个严重缺水的国家，正在种植耗水大的香米用于出口，而不是种植蔬菜和水果供国内消费。他希望促成这一点，以增加农民的收入，并为印度人提供更好更广泛的营养。

The National Egg Co-ordination Council (NECC) started a mission to make eggs available to Indians at larger volumes and at better prices. There is a long way to go, but eggs have become a commonplace diet for a lot more Indians. This is also getting served in schools as part of the mid-day meals scheme.

全国蛋协调委员会（NECC）开始了一个使印度人能够以更大的数量和更好的价格获得鸡蛋的使命。还有很长的路要走，但鸡蛋已经成为更多印度人的日常饮食。这也作为中午餐计划的一部分在学校供应。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Private initiatives in hatchery has made poultry a bit more affordable. We earlier had only “country chicken” which used to a luxury food for the rich.

孵化场的私人倡议使家禽消费更加负担得起。我们之前只有“土鸡”，这对富人来说也是一种奢侈食品。

Technology wise, we are way behind. Though we have access to research, the permeation down to farmer levels is slow. There is a big disconnect between research in labs and actual use in farms. Some of this is to do with uneducated farmers who are reluctant to adopt new methods and technologies. In bread basket states like UP and Bihar, one still hears from farmers that fertilizers and high yielding crops destroy the soil. The farmers in Punjab & Haryana (including those who have migrated from there to MP, Uttarakhand, western UP), and those in Tamil Nadu & Kerala, are more outgoing and willing to try out new methods.

在技术上，我们远远落后。尽管我们已经开始研究，但向农民层面渗透的速度很慢。实验室中的研究与农田中的实际应用之间存在很大的脱节。其中一部分原因是因为受教育程度低的农民不愿意采纳新的方法和技术。在像北方邦和比哈尔那样的主要粮食产区，人们仍然能听到农民说化肥和高产作物会破坏土壤。旁遮普和哈里亚纳邦的农民（包括那些从那里移民到马哈拉施特拉邦、北阿坎德邦、北部邦的农民），以及在泰米尔纳德邦和喀拉拉邦的农民更愿意尝试新的方法。

Himanshu Somani
Related
Why is India's agriculture so backward compared to China?

相关讨论：为什么与中国相比，印度的农业如此落后？

China has more yield per acre (productivity) compare to India because of its land granting laws and technology .

中国的单位面积产量（生产率）比印度高，这是因为其土地授予法和技术。

I would focus only on land granting laws as other users already give the answer related to technology

我只会专注于土地授予法，因为其他用户已经给出了与技术相关的答案。

In china you can’t buy a property you would get land only on lease.

在中国，你不能购买房产，你只能获得土地租约。

In rural China farmers are granted land for 15 years now for paying the price of that land they have two options either you need to pay a rent ( read money ) for the land or you need to handover your crops to the government.

在中国农村，农民现在被授予土地15年，为了支付土地的价格，他们有两个选择，要么你需要为土地支付租金（即金钱），要么你需要将你的庄稼交给政府。

If any person would not do any work in his land than he himself would give up the land to the government for saving himself from rent now this land would be granted to other person

如果有人不在他的土地上干活，那么他自己就会放弃这块土地交给政府，以免自己交租金，现在这块土地将被授予其他人。

What you will produce is also decided by the government but the rules are little bit complicated here. for example:-

你将生产什么也由政府决定，但这里的规则有点复杂。例如：

For first 3 years you can only produce wheat in your land but after that you are given some concession like you need to produce wheat in 75 percent of land and rest of the area can be use for producing other crop.

在前3年，你只能在你的土地上种植小麦，但之后你会得到一些优惠，比如你需要在75%的土地上种植小麦，其余的土地可以用来种植其他作物。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

one more reason that china has an edge over India :-

还有一个原因是中国比印度更具优势：-

government would grant you land only after seeing the number of family members ( read workers ) so all the family would work effectively as they are working for themselves while in India a single person hold a large amount of land and he would hire 100–150 people under him now these 100 people would not work with same efficiency because now they are working for there Bose not for themselves.

政府只会在看到家庭成员（即工人）的数量后才会授予你土地，所以所有的家庭成员都会有效地工作，因为他们是为自己工作，而在印度，一个人拥有大量的土地，他会雇佣100-150人在他下面工作，现在这100人的工作效率不会一样，因为他们现在是为他们的老板而工作，而不是为自己工作。

for ex:-

例如：-

i am hired by a landlord for working in a farm and one day i would see a weed growing in my field what i would do?

我被一个地主雇佣在农场工作，有一天我看到我的地里长了杂草，我会怎么做？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

I have two options:-

我有两个选择：-

cut the weed

铲除杂草
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does not do anything

什么也不做

i would choose second option because i does not get any benefit by cutting weed.

我会选择第二个选项，因为我割了杂草不会得到任何好处。

原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处