作者简介：
Ronald Keeva Unz（生于 1961 年 9 月 20 日）是一位美国科技企业家、政治活动家、作家、出版商和大屠杀否认者。翁茨曾是一名商人，在进入政坛之前成为硅谷的千万富翁。他在1994年加州州长选举中作为共和党人竞选州长，并在2016年竞选美国参议员，但均未成功。
自 2013 年起担任《Unz Review》的出版商和编辑，该网站自称呈现“在很大程度上被美国主流媒体排除在外的有争议的观点”。该网站被反诽谤联盟批评为包含种族主义和反犹太主义内容，南方贫困法律中心将其标记为白人民族主义出版物。 Unz 还因资助VDARE和其他被指控白人至上主义的出版物而受到批评。——维基


Last month I explored the historical origins of the State of Israel and the intertwined expulsion of the Palestinian refugees from their ancient homeland. During this discussion, I emphasized the crucial role that the Jewish Holocaust had played in justifying and facilitating those momentous events of three generations ago. I read or reread more than a dozen books for my long review article, and also glancingly mentioned an additional one, which I’ve now digested as well. My main focus had been on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, and The Seventh Million by Tom Segev only slightly touched on that topic. But his descxtive subtitle “The Israelis and the Holocaust” suggested a related subject of inquiry that proved quite fruitful.

上个月，我探讨了以色列国的历史起源，以及将巴勒斯坦难民从他们古老的家园驱逐出去的交织在一起的事件。在这次讨论中，我会强调“犹太人大屠杀”在为三代以前的重大事件辩护和提供便利方面所发挥的关键作用。
链接：《纳克巴和大屠杀》（The Nakba and the Holocaust）
为了写这篇长篇评论文章，我阅读或重读了十几本书，还一带提到了另外一本，现在我也消化了。我主要关注的是以色列和巴勒斯坦的冲突，汤姆·塞格夫的《第七百万人》只是稍微触及了这个话题。但他的描述性副标题“以色列人和大屠杀”提出了一个相关的调查主题，结果证明成果颇丰。
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Born in 1945, Segev is generally regarded as one of Israel’s leading journalists, the author of numerous widely-praised histories regarding Israel’s origins and its various wars. Although his 1991 bestseller was controversial, the back cover carried glowing praise from such top Israeli figures as Abba Eban and Amos Elon, as well as important Holocaust scholars such as Prof. George L. Mosse and leaders of the Jewish diaspora such as Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel. I found it quite enlightening, though perhaps not entirely in the way the author intended. Even aside from its main theme, the first chapter provided some extremely useful information. Back in 2018, I’d drawn upon the shocking research found in the books of maverick leftist Lenni Brenner to publish a long article on the surprising relationship between the various Zionist factions and Nazi Germany, which spent most of the 1930s working together in a close economic partnership that laid the basis for the creation of the State of Israel.

塞格夫出生于1945年，被普遍认为是以色列最重要的记者之一，他撰写了许多关于以色列起源和各种战争的历史著作，受到广泛赞誉。尽管他1991年的畅销书引起了争议，但封底还是得到了阿巴·埃班和阿莫斯·埃隆等以色列重要人物，以及乔治·l·莫斯教授等重要的大屠杀学者和诺贝尔奖得主埃利·威塞尔等犹太流亡者领袖的热烈赞扬。我觉得它很有启发性，尽管可能不完全是作者想要的方式。
除了主题之外，第一章还提供了一些非常有用的信息。早在2018年，我就利用特立独行的左翼分子伦尼·布伦纳的书中发现的令人震惊的研究，发表了一篇长文，讲述了各种犹太复国主义派别与纳粹德国之间令人惊讶的关系。上世纪30年代的大部分时间，纳粹德国都在密切的经济伙伴关系中合作，为以色列国的建立奠定了基础。
链接：《犹太人和纳粹》

Although Brenner’s documentary research seemed rock-solid and had never been seriously challenged, I’d always had a few slight doubts at the back of my mind. I had wondered whether such utterly astonishing facts could really be true and yet remained totally concealed for generations by virtually all of our journalists and academics, but Segev’s brief discussion completely put those concerns to rest. Segev is a very mainstream pro-Zionist Israeli writer and he probably despised Brenner, a radical anti-Zionist Trotskyite, never mentioning the name of the latter anywhere in his nearly 600 pages of text. But Segev drew upon the same underlying archival sources to fully confirm all of Brenner’s most incendiary historical claims and even added a few additional ones, though all of this similar material was obviously presented in a very different fashion.

虽然布伦纳的纪录片研究似乎坚如磐石，从未受到过严重的挑战，但我内心深处总是有一些小小的怀疑。我曾怀疑，这些令人震惊的事实是否真的是事实，而我们几乎所有的记者和学者几代人都完全隐瞒了这些事实，但塞格夫的简短讨论完全消除了这些担忧。
塞格夫是一位非常主流的支持犹太复国主义的以色列作家，他可能鄙视布伦纳，一个激进的反犹太复国主义托洛茨基分子，在他近600页的文本中从未提及后者的名字。但塞格夫利用同样的潜在档案来源，充分证实了布伦纳所有最具煽动性的历史主张，甚至还增加了一些额外的主张，尽管所有这些类似的材料显然以一种截然不同的方式呈现。

By the 1920s the mainstream leftist Zionist movement was heavily influenced by Marxism and led by Russian-born David Ben-Gurion, who modeled himself after Lenin, but those Zionists still eagerly formed a 1930s economic partnership with Nazi Germany based upon an obvious commonality of interests. Hitler was eager to encourage the departure of Germany’s problematical 1% Jewish minority while the Zionists were just as eager to receive them, along with the huge infusion of financial and industrial capital they could provide. During this period, important SS leaders including Adolf Eichmann were invited to Palestine as honored Zionist guests and then published their flattering accounts of the successful development activities of their Zionist partners in Joseph Goebbels’ leading Berlin Nazi newspaper. Some Zionist leaders reciprocated, traveling to Germany for very friendly meetings with their Nazi counterparts, and they reported how well the Jews of that country seemed to be doing despite Hitler’s supposedly harsh new regime.

到20世纪20年代，主流左翼犹太复国主义运动受到马克思主义的严重影响，并由出生在俄罗斯、以列宁为榜样的大卫·本-古里安领导，但这些犹太复国主义者仍然热切地与纳粹德国建立了1930年代的经济伙伴关系，这是基于明显的共同利益。希特勒急于鼓励德国有问题的1%的犹太少数民族离开，而犹太复国主义者也同样渴望接收他们，以及他们所能提供的巨额金融和工业资本注入。
在此期间，包括阿道夫·艾希曼在内的重要党卫军领导人被邀请到巴勒斯坦，作为犹太复国主义的贵宾，然后在约瑟夫·戈培尔的主要柏林纳粹报纸上发表了他们对犹太复国主义伙伴成功发展活动的奉承。一些犹太复国主义领导人回敬了他们，前往德国与他们的纳粹同行进行了非常友好的会谈，他们报告说，尽管希特勒的新政权被认为是严厉的，但该国的犹太人似乎过得很好。

Indeed, Segev’s figures demonstrate the enormous prosperity of German Jews, explaining why the Zionists were so eager to arrange for them to relocate to impoverished Palestine. The Nazis agreed that every such Jewish emigrant could take with him the present-day equivalent of $200,000 in foreign currency, plus another $250,000 or more in German merchandise. These were huge sums for what had been the desperately poor society of Weimar Germany, and such Jewish wealth had obviously been one of the major sources of anti-Semitic resentment in that country.

事实上，塞格夫的数据显示了德国犹太人的巨大繁荣，解释了为什么犹太复国主义者如此渴望安排他们搬迁到贫困的巴勒斯坦。纳粹同意，每个这样的犹太移民可以带走相当于今天20万美元的外币，再加上25万美元或更多的德国商品。对于曾经极度贫困的魏玛德国社会来说，这是一笔巨款，而这些犹太人的财富显然是该国反犹太主义怨恨的主要来源之一。

If the main Zionist groups cooperated with Nazi Germany on purely utilitarian grounds, their right-wing Zionist rivals had more ideological motives since they had modeled their movement after that of Mussolini, and always regarded themselves as fascists as did their bitter opponents. Many of these Zionists even considered Hitler’s notorious anti-Semitism as a mere political blemish rather than as an insupportable obstacle preventing their admiration. In 1933 a leading Zionist writer ranked the German dictator among the world’s “shining names,” alongside Mussolini, Ataturk, and the various other right-wing heroes of his movement, while another Zionist figure had loudly declared that “Hitler saved Germany.” Even after World War II began, one of these Zionist factions led by a future prime minister of Israel repeatedly sought to enlist in the Axis Powers, hoping to join the military alliance led by Hitler and Mussolini.

如果说主要的犹太复国主义团体与纳粹德国的合作纯粹是出于功利的考虑，那么他们的右翼犹太复国主义对手则有更多的意识形态动机，因为他们的运动是以墨索里尼为蓝本的，而且和他们的死对头一样，总是把自己视为法西斯主义者。这些犹太复国主义者中的许多人甚至认为希特勒臭名昭著的反犹太主义仅仅是一个政治污点，而不是阻碍他们崇拜的不可逾越的障碍。
1933年，一位著名的犹太复国主义作家将这位德国独裁者列为世界上“光辉的名字”之一，与墨索里尼、阿塔图尔克和其他各种右翼运动英雄齐名，而另一位犹太复国主义人物则大声宣称“希特勒拯救了德国”。哪怕是二战爆发后，由未来的以色列总理领导的这些犹太复国主义派系之一依然试图加入轴心国集团，期望成为希特勒和墨索里尼领导的军事同盟。

One of the interesting points made by Segev is that although a large majority of ordinary Jews around the world were intensely hostile to Hitler’s regime, the leadership of most of the different Zionist factions quietly became fierce competitors for German patronage, with those that lost out then sometimes hypocritically denouncing the Nazi affiliations of their more successful rivals. These bitter words led to the 1933 assassination of one of the top mainstream Zionist leaders in Palestine at the hands of his right-wing critics.

塞格夫提出的一个有趣的观点是，尽管世界上绝大多数普通犹太人都对希特勒政权怀有强烈的敌意，但大多数不同犹太复国主义派别的领导层却悄悄地成为德国赞助的激烈竞争对手，那些失败的人有时会虚伪地谴责他们更成功的对手与纳粹的关系。这些尖刻的言辞导致1933年巴勒斯坦犹太复国主义的一位主流领导人被右翼批评者暗杀。

Although this Nazi-Zionist partnership was controversial at the time, it obviously became much more so following the Axis defeat and the concerted Allied effort to demonize the Nazis through the Nuremberg show trials and other propaganda spectaculars, so the newly established State of Israel made every effort to hide this dark secret of its recent past. When those 1930s historical facts later threatened to leak out in the mid-1950s due to the legal problems of an important Israeli political figure, the man was assassinated, and Segev suggested that Israel’s government had probably arranged the killing in order to permanently shut his mouth.

尽管纳粹和犹太复国主义者的这种伙伴关系在当时就有争议，在二战德国战败后，这种关系显然变得更加有争议，外加盟军通过纽伦堡公审和其他宣传手段将纳粹妖魔化，因此，新成立的以色列国尽一切努力隐藏其过去的这一黑暗秘密。20世纪50年代中期，由于一位重要的以色列政治人物的法律问题，这些20世纪30年代的历史事实有泄露的危险，此人被暗杀，塞格夫暗示，以色列政府可能安排了这次暗杀，目的是让他永远闭嘴。

After that rather surprising first chapter, the bulk of Segev’s narrative shifts to a very different topic, namely Israel’s tangled relationship with the Holocaust, the deliberate extermination of some six million helpless Jewish civilians by Nazi Germany, mostly in the gas chambers of various World War II concentration camps. On these basic facts, the author’s views seem absolutely conventional ones, and at several points he notes the bestial cruelty of the diabolical Nazi plan to erase all Jews from the world. But although references to the Holocaust, gas chambers, or the most famous concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Treblxa, Sobibor, and Dachau are sprinkled across a large fraction of all these pages, Segev largely avoids discussing the details of that industrial slaughter, apparently assuming that all of his readers are thoroughly familiar with the standard narrative account produced by modern Holocaust scholarship, which began in the wake of Raul Hilberg’s seminal 1961 volume.

在相当令人惊讶的第一章之后，塞格夫的大部分叙述转向了一个非常不同的主题，即以色列与大屠杀的纠结关系，纳粹德国故意屠杀了大约600万无助的犹太平民，其中大部分是在二战期间各个集中营的毒气室里。
在这些基本事实上，作者的观点似乎遵循着传统的叙事，他在几个点上指出了恶魔般的纳粹从世界上消灭所有犹太人的残忍计划。但是，尽管这些页面的大部分内容都提到了大屠杀、毒气室或最著名的集中营，如奥斯维辛、特雷布林卡、索比堡和达豪，塞格夫在很大程度上避免讨论那场大规模屠杀的细节，显然是假设他所有的读者都完全熟悉现代大屠杀学者所编排的标准叙事，这种叙事始于劳尔·希尔伯格1961年的开创性著作。

Ironically enough, Segev notes that as of the date of his writing, Hilberg’s classic work still remained untranslated into Hebrew, probably because it had reported that all those many millions of Jews had willingly gone to their deaths, shepherded by their own community leadership and without ever showing any signs of active resistance.

具有讽刺意味的是，塞格夫注意到，在他写作之日，希尔伯格的经典作品仍然没有被翻译成希伯来语，可能是因为它报道了数百万犹太人在他们自己的社区领导的带领下，没有表现出任何积极抵抗的迹象，自愿走向死亡。

However, Israeli society is unusual in that such a substantial fraction of its founding population consisted of postwar Holocaust survivors, “the seventh million” of Segev’s title, individuals who had themselves passed through the various Nazi death camps. Therefore, their gripping personal accounts seem to have provided much of the understanding of those momentous events for the Israeli public, including Segev himself, who was born just weeks before Hitler’s suicide and the collapse of his German regime.

然而，以色列社会的不同寻常之处在于，其建国人口中有相当大一部分是战后大屠杀幸存者，即塞格夫所说的“七百万人”，这些人自己也经历过各种纳粹死亡集中营。因此，他们扣人心弦的个人描述似乎为以色列公众提供了对这些重大事件的理解，包括塞格夫本人，他出生在希特勒自杀和德国政权崩溃的几周前。

Perhaps because Segev’s first chapter documented the close Nazi-Zionist partnership of the 1930s, which might disconcert his readers, he preceded this discussion with a Prologue that recounted the utter horrors of the Holocaust that soon followed chronologically. He focused upon the books of a particular Auschwitz survivor named Yehiel De-Nur, who had spent two years at that notorious death camp, and although the name of that writer means little in America these days, he became a celebrated postwar author in Israel.

也许是因为塞格夫的第一章记录了20世纪30年代纳粹和犹太复国主义者的密切合作关系，这可能会让他的读者感到不安，他在讨论之前用了一个序言，叙述了大屠杀多么的恐怖，随后按时间顺序进行了叙述。他专注于一位名叫耶希尔·德·努尔的奥斯威辛集中营幸存者的作品，他在这个臭名昭著的死亡集中营里度过了两年。尽管这位作家的名字如今在美国已经没什么意义了，但他在战后的以色列却成了一位著名的作家。

Although all of De-Nur’s several autobiographical volumes were published under a pseudonym and his true identity remained concealed for many years, his works constituted some of the earliest Holocaust literature in Israel and were hugely influential in bringing the horrifying details of that catastrophe to Israeli popular attention, with a special literary prize established in his honor, awarded every two years by Israel’s president.

尽管德·努尔的几部自传都是用笔名出版的，他的真实身份也隐藏了很多年，但他的作品构成了以色列最早的大屠杀文学作品之一，并对以色列公众关注这场灾难的可怕细节产生了巨大影响，以色列总统每两年颁发一次以他的名义设立的特别文学奖。

Indeed, Segev explained that he and most other Israeli teenagers of his generation first learned the extremely disturbing details of the Holocaust from De-Nur’s books, so when he managed to arrange a personal interview with the author, he did so with great trepidation. De-Nur’s writing had always emphasized the sadistic acts that were a daily part of life at Auschwitz, including the widespread sexual abuse of young Jewish boys and girls by their Nazi captors, and Segev describes the works as considerably pornographic.

事实上，塞格夫解释说，他和他那一代的大多数以色列青少年第一次从德努尔的书中了解到极其令人不安的大屠杀细节，所以当他设法安排与作者的个人采访时，他感到非常不安。德努尔的作品总是强调奥斯维辛集中营日常生活中的虐待行为，包括纳粹俘虏对犹太男孩和女孩的广泛性虐待，塞格夫称这些作品相当色情。
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According to Segev, De-Nur had been a young Yeshiva student in pre-war Poland with huge literary pretensions, desperately trying to get his writing into print when the war came along and he ended up at Auschwitz. De-Nur later claimed that Eichmann had personally condemned him to that fate so he served as a leading witness at the 1961 Eichmann trial, with his testimony ended in a fainting spell, supposedly reflecting the unspeakable personal memories that still haunted him even decades later.

据塞格夫说，德努尔在战前的波兰是一名年轻的犹太学生，有着巨大的文学抱负，当战争爆发时，他拼命地想把自己的作品出版，结果被关进了奥斯维辛。德努尔后来声称，阿道夫·艾希曼亲自审判并置他于如此境地，所以他在1961年艾希曼审判中担任了主要证人，他的证词以昏厥结束，据说反映了几十年后仍然困扰着他的难以启齿的个人记忆。
（译注：
奥托·阿道夫·艾希曼 (1906年3月19日 – 1962年6月1日) 是纳粹德国-奥地利人，党卫军军官，大屠杀的主要组织者之一。）
（未完待续）

原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处