日本人是中国人的后裔吗?（二）
Are the Japanese descended from Chinese?
译文简介
在文化上，是的。只需要阅读日本的历史文献、政府建筑名称、历史寺庙和地名等，都是用汉字书写的。甚至日本的国名“日本”（日出之国）也是中国皇帝给予生活在太阳升起方向的土地上的人们的称号。
正文翻译
William Tang
Culturally, yes. Just read the historic texts of Japan, their government building names, historic temples and place names…etc, all written in Chinese. Even the name of the country in Japanese—Nippon (Land of the Rising Sun)—was given by the Chinese emperor to the people who live in the land in the direction that the sun rises. Of course, the sun actually rises east of Japan proper. Finally, just ask any Japanese the meaning of “Kan Ji” of the Japanese language. It means Chinese words.
在文化上，是的。只需要阅读日本的历史文献、政府建筑名称、历史寺庙和地名等，都是用汉字书写的。甚至日本的国名“日本”（日出之国）也是中国皇帝给予生活在太阳升起方向的土地上的人们的称号。当然，事实上太阳确实是升起在日本的东方。最后，只需要问任何一个日本人“汉字”的意义，他们会告诉你它指的就是中文词汇。
Culturally, yes. Just read the historic texts of Japan, their government building names, historic temples and place names…etc, all written in Chinese. Even the name of the country in Japanese—Nippon (Land of the Rising Sun)—was given by the Chinese emperor to the people who live in the land in the direction that the sun rises. Of course, the sun actually rises east of Japan proper. Finally, just ask any Japanese the meaning of “Kan Ji” of the Japanese language. It means Chinese words.
在文化上，是的。只需要阅读日本的历史文献、政府建筑名称、历史寺庙和地名等，都是用汉字书写的。甚至日本的国名“日本”（日出之国）也是中国皇帝给予生活在太阳升起方向的土地上的人们的称号。当然，事实上太阳确实是升起在日本的东方。最后，只需要问任何一个日本人“汉字”的意义，他们会告诉你它指的就是中文词汇。
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They help confirm a long-standing theory about the genetic origins of modern-day Japanese populations.
Researchers have rewritten Japanese history after uncovering a third, and previously unknown, group of ancestors that migrated to Japan around 2,000 years ago, of modern-day Japanese populations.
Ancient Japan can be split into three key time periods: the Jomon period (13,000 B.C. to 300 B.C.), a time when a small population of hunter-gatherers who were proficient in pottery lived exclusively on the island; the overlapping Yayoi period (900 B.C. to A.D. 300), when farmers migrated to Japan from East Asia and developed agriculture; and the Kofun period (A.D. 300 to 700), when modern-day Japan began to take shape.
它们有助于证实一个长期存在的关于现代日本人口遗传起源的理论。
研究人员确认了一个长期存在的理论，即现代日本人口的遗传起源。他们在揭示了大约2000年前迁徙到日本的第三个、以前未知的祖先群体后，重新书写了日本的历史。 古代日本可以分为三个重要的时期：绳文时期（公元前13,000年至公元前300年），这是一个只有在岛上生活的陶器工艺娴熟的狩猎采集者小群体的时期；与之重叠的弥生时期（公元前900年至公元300年），这个时期有农民从东亚迁徙到日本并发展出农业；而古坟时期（公元300年至公元700年）是现代日本开始形成的时期。
先前的研究表明，现代日本人口的两个主要遗传起源是绳文时期的原始狩猎采集者和弥生时期迁徙到日本的农民。现在，对古代骨骼DNA的分析揭示了另一个遗传起源，即在古墓时期有一群以前未知的祖先迁徙到日本，研究人员在一项新研究中报告说。
“我们对日本人口三部分结构的发现感到非常兴奋，”主要作者、爱尔兰都柏林三一学院医学院助理教授Shigeki Nakagome告诉《Live Science》。 “我们相信，我们的研究清楚地证明了古代基因组学的力量，可以发现仅从现代数据中无法看到的新祖先成分。”
The Jomon hunter-gatherers may have first appeared in Japan as early as 20,000 years ago and maintained a small population of around 1,000 individuals for thousands of years, Nakagome said. There is evidence of people living in Japan as far back as 38,000 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic, the researchers said in a statement, but little is known about these people.
"A long-standing hypothesis is that they were ancestors of Jomon," Nakagome said. This means that the Upper Paleolithic people may have transitioned into the Jomon people around 16,000 years ago, he added.
不确定的起源
绳文时期的狩猎采集者可能早在2万年前就出现在日本，并在数千年间保持着大约1,000人的小群体，Nakagome说。研究人员在一份声明中表示，在38000年前，也就是更新世时期，有人类在日本生活的证据，但关于这些人们知之甚少。 "一个长期存在的假设是他们是绳文人的祖先，"Nakagome说。这意味着更新世人类可能在大约16000年前过渡成为绳文人，他补充道。
"However, whether these hypotheses are true or not remains unknown due to a lack of Paleolithic genomes from Japan," Nakagome said.
At the start of the Yayoi period, there was an influx of people from China or Korea with experience in agriculture. These people introduced farming to Japan, which led to the development of the first social classes and the concept of landownership.
The Yayoi period transitioned into the Kofun period, during which the first political leaders emerged and a single nation, that later became modern-day Japan, was formed. However, until now, it was unclear if the Kofun transition was the result of a third mass migration or just a natural continuation of the Yayoi period.
另一个可能的解释是绳文人起源于东亚，在最后一次冰盛期时，约28000年前，当时朝鲜海峡变得被冰覆盖，所以他们从东亚穿越朝鲜海峡到达日本，根据声明中的说法。 "Nakagome说："然而，这些假设是否成立，目前还不得知，因为缺乏来自日本更新世时期的旧石器基因组数据。" 弥生时期开始时，有大量来自中国或朝鲜、擅长农业的人涌入日本。这些人将农业引进日本，导致了第一个社会阶级和土地所有权的发展。 弥生时期过渡到了古墓时期，这个时期出现了第一批政治领导者，并形成了一个后来成为现代日本的单一国家。然而，直到现在，尚不清楚古坟时期的转变是否是第三次大规模迁徙的结果，还是弥生时期的自然延续。
Previous research had suggested a third genetic input from immigrants at the time, but until now, nobody had been able to sequence DNA from any Kofun individuals to find out.
"Nakagome说："文化过渡可能发生在不涉及基因变化的情况下。"他补充道："即使两个时期的文化看起来非常不同，也不意味着这个过程涉及基因流动。" 以前的研究表明，在那个时候存在第三个遗传输入来自移民，但直到现在，没有人能够测序任何古坟时期的DNA以找出答案。
"Han are genetically close to ancient Chinese people from the Yellow River or West Liao River, as well as modern populations, including the Tujia, She and Miao," Nakagome said. "We think these immigrants came from somewhere around these regions."
结果显示，与其他人的预测一样，第三个遗传上独特的日本祖先群体在古坟时期迁徙到了该国。这些祖先来自东亚，很可能是古代中国的汉族人，Nakagome说。 "汉族基因与黄河或西辽河的古代中国人以及包括土家族、畲族和苗族在内的现代人群密切相关，"Nakagome说。"我们认为这些移民来自这些地区附近的某个地方。"
"Archaeological evidence has long suggested three stages of migration, but the last one has largely been ignored." Mikael Adolphson, a professor of Japanese history at the University of Cambridge who was not involved with the study, told Live Science. "This new finding confirms what many of us knew, but it is good that we now get evidence also from the medical field."
The findings also showed that a majority of genes among modern-day Japanese populations originated from East Asia, across the three main periods of genetic mixing.
The team's analysis determined that "approximately 13%, 16% and 71% of Jomon, Northeast and East Asian ancestry, respectively," Nakagome said. "So, East Asian ancestry is dominant in modern populations."
该团队的发现对于其他历史学家来说并不令人意外，他们一直怀疑存在第三个日本祖先群体。 剑桥大学日本历史教授Mikael Adolphson在接受Live Science采访时表示："考古证据长期以来一直表明存在三个迁徙阶段，但最后一个阶段基本被忽视了。" "这个新发现证实了我们中的许多人所知道的事实，但通过医学领域的证据支持真好。" 研究结果还显示，现代日本人口的大部分基因起源于东亚，在三个主要的混血时期。 该团队的分析确定了"绳文、东北亚和东亚祖先的遗传血统分别约为13％、16％和71％，"Nakagome说。"因此，东亚祖先在现代人群中占主导地位。"
In the new study, Nakagome and his team analyzed the genomes of 12 individuals from across Japan. Nine dated to the Jomon period, and three were from the Kofun period, making it "the first study that generated whole-genome sequence data from Kofun individuals," Nakagome said.
缺失的环节 在这项新研究中，Nakagome和他的团队分析了来自日本各地的12个个体的基因组。其中9个来源于绳文时期，3个来源于古坟时期，这是"第一项从古坟时期个体中生成全基因组序列数据的研究，"Nakagome说。
"The Kofun individuals sequenced were not buried in keyhole-shaped mounds [reserved for high-ranking individuals], which implies that they were lower-ranking people," Nakagome said. "To see if this East Asian ancestry played a key role in the transition, we need to sequence people with a higher rank."
The study was published online Sept. 17 in the journal Science Advances.
Originally published on Live Science.
然而，这项研究并没有揭示东亚人口迁徙是否对古坟时期农耕到帝国国家转变起到了作用。 "测序的古坟时期个体并没有被埋葬在特殊的钥匙形土丘中（这种土丘留给高级人物），这意味着他们是低级别的人，"Nakagome说。"要想了解这种东亚血统是否在转变过程中发挥了关键作用，我们需要测序更高级别的个体。" 该研究于9月17日在线发表于《Science Advances》杂志上。 原文发布于Live Science。
There is a story of emperor obsessed with finding elixir of life and then sent a ship with a lot of people to Japan and they were stuck in Japan and found it.
This story is probably untrue.
I will put some logic, critical thinking, and common sense into action. Long ago, people did not live all over the world. They started out in Africa. The people from Africa move out and spread. There are some barriers that prevent them to spread such as oceans and stuff.
有一个关于皇帝沉迷于寻找长生不老药，并派遣大批人员去日本的故事，结果他们被困在日本并找到了该药。
这个故事很可能是不真实的。
我将运用逻辑思考、批判性思维和常识来分析。很久以前，人们并没有遍布世界各地，起源于非洲。从非洲出发，人类开始扩散。但存在一些障碍阻止他们扩散，比如海洋等。
非洲人不可能越过大西洋到达北美大陆，他们如何在水上生存？很久以前的技术非常落后，几乎没有跨大西洋的可能。然而，他们却能够到达日本，如果你从非洲向日本划一条线，可以清楚地看到线路经过中国，所以日本人据此确实有中国的血统。
NO. They’re similar as in East Asian but they are definitely not the same race. For example I can usually tell the difference between both. Mongols, Koreans,Vietnamese etc are descended from Chinese. Japan has had this island bubble where it never leaves and it’s it own race. Linguistically their language is way different and anyone who hears it spoken will know. Surprisingly all East Asian languages are unique in their own sense. So they aren’t “descended” from Chinese. A bunch of Chinese didn’t decide to leave China and settle on an island. However many people cannot tell the difference as Japanese people also mistakenly get racist comments intended for Chinese. People assume anyone that is Asian is Chinese and that can be really annoying.
不。他们与东亚人类似，但肯定不是同一个种族。例如，我通常能区分两者之间的差异。蒙古人、韩国人、越南人等都是中国人的后代。日本一直处于这个岛屿泡泡中，从未离开，它有着自己的种族特征。在语言上，他们的语言非常不同，任何听到他们说话的人都会知道。令人惊讶的是，在东亚，所有语言都有自己独特的特点。因此，他们并不是“源自”中国。并没有一群中国人决定离开中国，在岛上定居。然而，许多人无法区分日本人和中国人之间的差异。人们认为所有亚洲人都是中国人，这可能非常恼人。
An interesting question.
A short answer is yes. Japan did not have a written form centuries ago. When the country began using the Chinese scxt, the Japanese language became complete with spoken and written forms, which was in the 3rd or 4th century.
Japanese aristocrats apparently thought Chinese culture was “higher” and learned it. Many migrants from China came to Japan and lived in the country, working in the country’s ruling class.
So, it is natural to say that Japanese culture has a big influence from China.
一个有趣的问题。 简短的回答是是的。日本在几个世纪之前没有书写形式。当这个国家开始使用汉字时，日语才形成了口语和书面形式，这大约是在公元3到4世纪。 日本的贵族显然认为中国文化更高尚，并学习了它。许多来自中国的移民来到日本，在日本的统治阶级中生活和工作。 因此，可以说日本文化受到了中国的很大影响。
The evidence seems fairly strong that the proto-culture and the majority of the ancestors of Japanese and Korean people originated together near Inner Mongolia, thousands of years ago. This was a separate and distinct culture from the proto-Chinese culture which at the time had already been in existence further south. Of course, there have been both cultural and genetic interactions between Chinese and Korean/Japanese and the later split groups of Koreanic and Japonic people for thousands of years, so these have never been completely separate, isolated populations. But the idea that Japanese and Koreans were “once Chinese” doesn’t really seem to comport with the evidence. Obviously at some time even earlier, however, all three groups likely branched off from a common migration from the west, long ago in prehistory.
证据似乎相当明确，日本人和韩国人的祖先大部分起源于几千年前的内蒙古附近。这是一个独立而独特的文化，与当时已存在的中国原始文化在南方有所不同。当然，中国人与朝鲜人/日本人之间存在着文化和遗传上的互动，以及朝鲜语族和日本语族的后期分裂群体数千年来一直存在，所以它们从未完全分离，成为孤立的人口。但是，认为日本人和韩国人“曾经是中国人”的观点似乎与证据不符。显然，在更早的某个时候，这三个群体很可能都源自古代的西方迁徙，那是在史前时期很久以前的事情。
The Japanese people of today are not biologically derived from the historical Chinese population, but culturally they are derived from Chinese civilisation. Most of the essential features of Japanese civilisation, such as the writing system and much of the Japanese vocabulary, architecture, clothing, music, literature, etc, are derived from China.
今天的日本人并不是从历史上的中国人口中进化而来的，但他们的文化是源自于中国文明。日本文明的大部分重要特征，例如书写系统和许多日本词汇、建筑、服装、音乐、文学等都来自于中国。
从生物学上来看，日本人是三种人口流的混合物，其中一种（可能最古老）来自南方，通过台湾和琉球群岛传入；第二种（也可能同样古老）来自北方，通过库页岛和北海道的西伯利亚传入；第三种（可能最近）来自满洲和中国北部，通过朝鲜半岛传入。因此，日本人的种族混合物与中国人的略有不同，中国人在日本种族混合物中共享第一和第三个组成部分，但缺少第二个来源于西伯利亚的组成部分。
将日本人作为一个群体与中国人作为一个群体区分开来的一个身体特征是，与中国或韩国男性相比，普通日本男性的面部毛发更为发达。这一特征很可能来自于来自北方的人口群体，因为面部和身体毛发的大量发育是北海道土著居民阿伊努人的典型特征，他们很可能最初是来自北方人口的纯粹后代。
Assuming by Chinese, you mean Han Chinese, then partly. Japan had an indigenous population, and their descendants are still in Japan. Many people from the Philippines migrated to the Japanese islands. What happened with the Han was that Han Chinese settlers first migrated to Korea, fleeing from a dynasty collapsing into chaos. These settlers populated a significant portion of the population in Korea. The Koreans were great seafarers, and some of their people, including some Chinese settlers, settled in Japan, and their descendants are still there as well.
如果你所说的中国人是指汉族，那么部分正确。日本有一个土著人口，并且他们的后代仍然生活在日本。许多来自菲律宾的人移民到日本列岛。汉族移民首先移居到朝鲜，逃离一朝陷入混乱的王朝。这些移民在朝鲜半岛占据了相当大的人口比例。朝鲜人是伟大的航海者，他们的一些人，包括一些汉族移民，定居在日本，他们的后代也仍然存在于那里。
There are a few Japanese who have some Chinese heritage through immigration, but the Japanese as an ethnicity are not Sino-Tibetan at all. They are usually considered to be a combination of Altaic, Austronesian, and ancient Austric (Jomons, who became the Ainus). Although the first wave of the Yayoi people came from the mouth of the Yangtze, these were Austronesians rather than Sino-Tibetans. They were forced to migrate to southern Korea and Kyushu around 300 BC, due to Chinese expansion into their territory. They were joined by Puyi (Koreanic) people from Manchuria and became the Yayoi. When they absorbed the Jomon, they became the Japanese people.
有一些日本人有通过移民方式获得了一些中国血统，但作为一个民族，日本人并不属于汉藏语系。他们通常被认为是高加索人、南岛民族和古代澳斯特罗尼西亚人（即狩猎采集时代的和人，后来成为阿伊努人）的混合物。虽然最早的弥生人来自长江口，但他们属于南岛民族而非汉藏语系。由于中国扩张进入他们的领土，他们被迫在公元前300年左右迁徙到朝鲜半岛南部和九州。他们被满洲的满族人（属于朝鲜语族）加入，并成为了弥生人。当他们吸收了狩猎采集时代的和人后，成为了日本人。
I really love and respect China and her Civilization, but some claims that the origin of everything came from China are a kind of nonsense in this discussion community.
How about German ethnic groups? I mean Migration Period(Barbarian Invasion) around the 4th century. They all came from Northeast Siberia (now Russia) by xiongnu's pressure. In this case, all western people came from Russia?
我非常热爱和尊重中国及其文明，但是一些声称一切起源于中国的说法在这个讨论社区中有些荒谬。那么德国的族群又如何呢？我指的是公元4世纪左右的迁徙时期（野蛮人入侵）。他们都是受到匈奴的压力从东北西伯利亚（现在的俄罗斯）来的。按照这个逻辑，所有的西方人都来自俄罗斯？
Japan and Korea people definitely moved from the Continent by walk or Southeast Asia by boats. Who can deny it? But that time must be 4~15 thousand years ago, before establishing Chinese civilization. The name of China just named only 2~3000 years ago, and that was not the fixed concept.
俄罗斯只是14世纪之后才成为一个国家的名称。斯拉夫人也是在德国人迁徙之后从其他地区迁移而来。
日本和韩国的人肯定是通过步行或者乘船从大陆或东南亚迁徙而来的。谁能否认呢？但那个时候应该是在建立中国文明之前的4到15万年前。中国这个名字只有2到3千年的历史，并不是一个固定的概念。
因此，请我们必须区分国家、文明和族群的名称。更重要的是，我们不能歪曲历史来加强自己的优越感。那是希特勒的做法。每个人和他们的历史都是平等而宝贵的。