China, Arabia, Israel
Heinsohn’s shortened chronology of the first millennium solves fundamental inconsistencies in the history of many regions of the globe. It explains, for example, “why the invention of hand-made paper takes about 700 years to spread from China to east and west.” “The enigmatic absence of paper in Japan, so close to China, up to the 8th century AD, when it was suddenly produced in 40 provinces, can be explained, too, by taking into account that the Han stratigraphically are some 700 years younger than in textbook chronology.” Other problems include the fact that Han and Tang art are indistinguishable:

中国，阿拉伯，以色列
海因索恩缩短的第一个千年年表解决了全球许多地区历史上根本不一致的问题。例如，它解释了“为什么手工造纸的发明需要大约公元700年才从中国传播到东方和西方。”“与中国如此接近的日本，纸的神秘缺失，直到公元8世纪突然在40个省份出现了纸。考虑到汉代在地层学上比教科书记载的年代要推迟700年，这一点就解释得通了。”
其他问题包括汉唐艺术难以区分的事实:



图：汉唐相隔700年之久，在文化上有无数相似之处，这是众所周知的。但令人困惑的是，为什么唐朝的定居点没有被发现与汉朝定居点重叠，尽管前者占据了黄金地段。换句话说这两种文化的聚落从未在彼此之上被发现，因为它们在地层上是同时发生的。在教科书中，它们是按垂直时间顺序排列的。但在地面上，它们水平地并排躺着。

Inconsistencies in the history of Arabs are also solved. “Nobody understands how the inheritors of the Nabataeans and their Aramaic language dominating long distance trade between Asia in the East and the Roman Empire in the West can survive some 700 years without being able to mint coins or sign contracts. This extreme Arab primitivism stands in stark contrast to the Arabs who thrive from the 8th to the beginning of the 10th centuries CE. Their coins are not only found in Poland but from Norway all the way to India and beyond at a time when the rest of the known world was trying to crawl out of the darkness of the Early Middle Ages, and civilization might have been lost for good had not Arabs kept it alive.”[58] On the other hand, “The coin finds of Raqqa, for example, which stratigraphically belongs to the Early Middle Ages (8th-10th century), also contain imperial Roman coins from Imperial Antiquity (1st-3rd century) and Late Antiquity (4th-7th century).”

阿拉伯人历史上的矛盾也得到了解决。“没有人理解纳巴泰人和他们的阿拉姆语的继承者是如何在不会铸币或签署合同的情况下存活了700年左右的，而他们的阿拉姆语主宰着东方亚洲和西方罗马帝国之间的长途贸易。
这种极端的阿拉伯原始主义与公元8世纪到10世纪初繁荣的阿拉伯人形成鲜明对比。他们的硬币不仅在波兰被发现，而且从挪威一直到印度，甚至更远的地方都发现了他们的硬币。当时，已知世界的其他地方正试图从中世纪早期的黑暗中爬出来，如果不是阿拉伯人让文明存活下来，文明可能已经永远消失了。
另一方面，“例如，拉卡的硬币发现，在地层上属于中世纪早期(8 -10世纪)，也包含帝国古代(1 -3世纪)和古代晚期(4 -7世纪)的罗马帝国硬币。”

“The Arabs did not walk in ignorance without coinage and writing for some 700 years. Those 700 years represent phantom centuries. Thus, it is not true that Arabs were backward in comparison with their immediate Roman and Greek neighbours who, interestingly enough, are not on record for having ever claimed any Arab backwardness. In the stratigraphy of ancient sites, Arab coins are found at the same stratigraphic depth as imperial Roman coins from the 1st to the early 3rd c. CE. Thus, the caliphs now dated from the 690s to the 930s are actually the caliphs of the period from Augustus to the 230s. The Romans from Augustus to the 230s knew them as rulers of Arabia Felix. The Romans from the same 1-230s period in its duplication to the 290-530s period (“Late Antiquity”) knew them as Ghassanid caliphs with the same reputation for anti-trinitarian monotheism as the Abbasid Caliphs now dated to 8th/9th centuries.”

“阿拉伯人并不是在没有货币和文字的无知中行走了大约700年。那700年（不）是虚幻的世纪。与他们的近邻罗马和希腊相比，“阿拉伯人是落后的”这是不正确的，有趣的是，没有记录表明阿拉伯人曾经声称自己落后。
在古代遗址的地层学中，阿拉伯硬币与公元1世纪至3世纪初的罗马帝国硬币在相同的地层深度被发现。因此，从690年代到930年代的哈里发实际上是奥古斯都到230年代的哈里发。从奥古斯都到230年代的罗马人都知道他们是阿拉伯菲利克斯的统治者。
从同样的1-230年代到290-530年代(“古代晚期”)，罗马人知道他们是加桑王朝的哈里发，与现在追溯到8 /9世纪的阿巴斯王朝的哈里发一样，他们反对三位一体的一神论。”
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Heinsohn’s articles contain an abundance of quotes from archeologists puzzled by the contradictions between their hard evidence and their received chronology, yet betray their craft by yielding to chronology. Here is how Israeli archeologist Moshe Hartal is quoted in an Haaretz article:

海因索恩的文章中引用了大量考古学家的话，他们对自己的确凿证据和公认的年表之间的矛盾感到困惑，但却因屈服于年表而背叛了自己的职业。
以色列考古学家Moshe Hartal在《国土报》的一篇文章中是这样说的:

“During the course of a dig designed to facilitate the expansion of the Galei Kinneret Hotel, Hartal noticed a mysterious phenomenon: Alongside a layer of earth from the time of the Umayyad era (638-750[CE]), and at the same depth, the archaeologists found a layer of earth from the Ancient Roman era (37 BCE-132[CE]). ‘I encountered a situation for which I had no explanation — two layers of earth from hundreds of years apart lying side by side,’ says Hartal. ‘I was simply dumbfounded’.”

“在一次旨在促进Galei Kinneret酒店扩建的挖掘过程中，Hartal注意到一个神秘的现象:在倭马亚时代(公元638-750年)的一层泥土旁边，考古学家在同一深度发现了古罗马时代(公元前37年-公元前132年)的一层泥土。Hartal说:“我遇到了一个我无法解释的情况——相隔数百年的两层泥土并排躺在一起。”“我简直惊呆了。””



图：罗马和阿巴斯王朝的碗是一模一样的，但据说相隔了七个世纪。

Although Heinsohn has not yet written specifically about first-millennium Israel, he has noted the same gaps in the historical record. As the following signboard photographed in the Israel Museum of Jerusalem puts it:

虽然海因索恩还没有专门写第一个千年的以色列，但他注意到了历史记录中同样的空白。下面这幅在耶路撒冷以色列博物馆拍摄的广告牌:



图：《死海古卷》的最后一卷抄写于公元2世纪，《阿勒颇古卷》的抄写于公元10世纪，前后相隔了大约800年。绝大多数希伯来圣经的手稿在学者们所知的“沉默时期”都没有幸存下来。在为数不多的例外中，大多数是在开罗藏经库被发现的。

The Cataclysmic hypothesis
Heinsohn lixs with the cataclysmic paradigm pioneered by Immanuel Velikovsky, a Russian-born scientist, author in 1950 of Worlds in Collision (Macmillan), followed by Ages in Chaos and Earth in Upheaval (Doubleday, 1952 and 1956). Although Velikovsky’s books were then severely attacked by the scientific community, his hypothesis of a major cataclysm caused by the tail of a giant comet about ten thousand years ago has been vindicated.[63] There is a growing consensus that the sudden drop of global temperatures that marked the beginning of the geological era of the Younger Dryas 12,000 years ago started with a comet impact that blew large amounts of dust and ashes into the atmosphere, eclipsing the sun for years. This catastrophic comet and later ones may have formed the basis for the worldwide myths about flying and fire-breathing dragons (read here).

大灾变假说
海因索恩与伊曼纽尔·维里科夫斯基开创的把灾难性范式联系在一起。维里科夫斯基是俄罗斯出生的科学家，1950年出版了《碰撞中的世界》，随后又出版了《混沌时代》和《动荡中的地球》(1952年和1956年)。尽管维里科夫斯基的书当时受到了科学界的猛烈抨击，但他关于大约一万年前一颗巨大彗星的尾巴造成了一场大灾难的假设已经被证明是正确的。链接略。
越来越多的人认为，全球气温的突然下降标志着1.2万年前新仙女木地质时代的开始，起因是一颗彗星的撞击，它将大量的尘埃和灰烬吹入大气，使太阳黯然失色多年。这颗灾难性的彗星和后来的彗星可能形成了世界范围内关于飞龙和喷火龙的神话的基础。

For the first millennium AD, Heinsohn gathers evidence of three major civilization collapses caused by cosmic catastrophe followed by plague, in the 230s, the 530s and the 930s, and argues that they are one and the same, described differently in Roman, Byzantine, and Medi sources.

在公元第一个千年里，海因索恩收集了三次主要文明崩溃的证据，分别发生在230年代、530年代和930年代，它们是由宇宙灾难和瘟疫引起的，并认为它们是同一件事，只是在罗马、拜占庭和中世纪的资料中描述不同。

The first of these cataclysms caused the “Crisis of the Third Century” that started in the 230s. Textbook history defines it primarily as “a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of barbarian invasions and migrations into the Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions, political instability” (Wikipedia). Disease played a major role, most notably with the Plague of Cyprian (c. 249-262), originating in Pelusium in Egypt. At the height of the outbreak, 5,000 people were said to be dying every day in Rome (Kyle Harper, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire, Princeton UP, 2017).

这些灾难中的第一次导致了始于230年代的“三世纪危机”。教科书历史将其主要定义为“罗马帝国在蛮族入侵和移民进入罗马领土、内战、农民叛乱和政治不稳定的共同压力下几乎崩溃的时期”。 疾病发挥了主要作用，最显著的是塞浦路斯鼠疫(约249-262年)，起源于埃及的佩卢西乌姆。在疫情爆发最严重的时候，据说罗马每天有5000人死亡(凯尔·哈珀，《罗马的命运:气候、疾病和帝国的终结》，普林斯顿大学，2017年)。

Although Latin sources make no mention of it, the massive damage observed by archeologists in several cities suggest that the crisis was triggered by a cosmic cataclysm. In Rome, “Trajan’s market—the commercial heart of the known world—was massively damaged and never repaired again. All eleven aquaeducts were destroyed. The first was not repaired before 1453.”[65] As illustrated above, thick layers of so-called “dark earth” are found immediately above the 3rd century, with no new construction above before the 10th century. This situation, which is repeated in many other Western cities such as London, is generally interpreted as proof that the land was converted to arable and pastoral use or abandoned entirely for seven centuries. But it is more likely that the mud resulted primarily from a cosmic cataclysm.

虽然拉丁文资料中没有提到，但考古学家在几个城市观察到的大规模破坏表明，这场危机是由宇宙大灾难引发的。在罗马，“图拉真市场——已知世界的商业中心——遭到大规模破坏，再也没有修复过。”11条渡槽全部被毁。第一条直到1453年才被修复。”
正如上面所说，公元3世纪刚开始就发现了厚厚的所谓的“暗土”，在10世纪之前没有新的建筑。这种情况在伦敦等许多其他西方城市不断出现，通常被解释为土地被转换为耕地和牧区或被完全遗弃了七个世纪的证据。但更有可能的是，这些泥主要是由宇宙大灾难造成的。

Three hundred years after the Third Century Crisis in Italy, the Eastern Empire was impacted by identical phenomena, whose effect, notes historian of Late Antiquity Wolf Liebeschuetz, “was like the crisis of the third century.”[66] A climatic disaster is documented by ancient historians of that period, such as Procopius of Caesarea, Cassiodorus, or John of Ephesus, who writes: “the sun became dark and its darkness lasted for eighteen months. […] As a result of this inexplicable darkness, the crops were poor and famine struck.” To explain this “miniature ice age,” confirmed relatively by tree-ring and ice-core data, some scientists like David Keys hypothesize massive volcanic irruptions (Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World, Balanine, 1999, and the Channel 4 documentary based on it; read also this article).

在意大利三世纪危机三百年后，东罗马帝国遭受了同样的现象的影响，其影响，正如古代历史学家Wolf Liebeschuetz所说，“就像三世纪的危机。”当时的古代历史学家，如凯撒利亚的普罗科匹厄斯、卡西奥多鲁斯和以弗所的约翰，都记载了一次气候灾难，他们写道:“太阳变黑了，黑暗持续了十八个月。”
由于这种莫名其妙的黑暗，庄稼歉收，饥荒袭来。”为了解释这个由树木年轮和冰芯数据相对证实的“微型冰河期”，大卫·基斯等一些科学家假设发生了大规模的火山喷发（《灾难:对现代世界起源的调查》，巴兰宁著，1999年）。

Others see “a comet impact in AD 536” causing a plunge in temperatures by as much as 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit for several years, leading to the crop failures that brought famine to the Roman Empire. Its weakened inhabitants soon became vulnerable to diseases. In 541, bubonic plague struck the Roman port of Pelusium, exactly like Cyprian’s Plague 300 years earlier, this time spreading to Constantinople, with some 10,000 people dying daily in Justinian’s capital alone, according to Procopius. In the words of John Loeffler, “How Comets Changed the Course of Human History”: “The terrified citizens and merchants fled the city of Constantinople, spreading the disease further into Europe, where it laid waste to communities of famished Europeans as far away as Germany, killing anywhere from a third to a half of the population”[67] (watch also Michael Lachmann’s BBC documentary “The Comet’s Tale”).

另一些人认为“公元536年的彗星撞击”导致气温连续几年下降5.4华氏度，导致作物歉收，给罗马帝国带来饥荒。身体虚弱的居民很快就易受疾病侵袭。公元541年，黑死病袭击了罗马港口城市佩鲁西姆，就像300年前塞浦路斯的瘟疫一样，这次蔓延到了君士坦丁堡，根据普罗科匹厄斯的记载，仅在查士丁尼的首都，每天就有大约1万人死亡。
约翰·勒夫勒在《彗星如何改变人类历史进程》一书中写道:“惊恐的市民和商人逃离君士坦丁堡，将这种疾病进一步传播到欧洲，在那里，它使饥饿的欧洲社区沦为废墟，远至德国，杀死了三分之一到一半的人口。”



图：查士丁尼的彗星飞跃君士坦丁堡上空

According to Heinsohn, the Western collapse of the third century and the Eastern collapse of the sixth century are both identical with the “Tenth Century Collapse” starting in the 930s.[68] This civilizational collapse is documented by archeology in peripheral parts of the Empire: “Widespread destructions from Scandinavia to Eastern Europe and the Black Sea are dated to the end of the Early Middle Ages (930s CE). The disaster struck in territories where no devastations appear to have occurred during the ‘Crisis of the Third Century’, or the ‘Crisis of the Sixth Century’.”[69] Archeology shows that Austria, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria were also hit in the early 10th century, as well as Slovak and Czech territories. Bulgarian metropolis Pliska basically disappeared, strangled by a considerable amounts of erosion material (colluvium), also known as “black earth”. All Baltic ports suddenly and mysteriously “undergo discontinuity.”

根据海因索恩的说法，西方（欧洲西部）三世纪的崩溃和东方（欧洲东部）六世纪的崩溃都与始于10世纪30年代的“十世纪崩溃”相同。帝国外围地区的考古学记录了这种文明的崩溃:“从斯堪的纳维亚半岛到东欧和黑海的广泛破坏可以追溯到中世纪早期末期(公元930年代)。链接略。
这场灾难发生在那些在‘三世纪危机’或‘六世纪危机’期间似乎没有发生过破坏的地区。” 考古显示，奥地利、波兰、匈牙利、保加利亚以及斯洛伐克和捷克的领土在10世纪初也遭到了袭击。保加利亚大都市普利斯卡基本上消失了，被大量的侵蚀物质(崩积层)扼杀，也被称为“黑土”。所有波罗的海港口突然神秘地“中断”。

What Heinsohn calls the “Tenth Century Collapse” is well known to historians of the Middle Ages, but generally attributed to invasions. Mark Bloch wrote about it in his classic work Feudal Society (1940):
“From the turmoil of the last invasions, the West emerged covered with countless scars. The towns themselves had not been spared — at least not by the Scandinavian — and if many of them, after pillage or evacuation, rose again from their ruins, this break in the regular course of their life left them for long years enfeebled. […] Along the river routes the trading centres had lost all security […] Above all, the cultivated land suffered disastrously, often being reduced to desert. […] Naturally the peasants, more than any other class, were driven to despair by these conditions. […] The lords, who derived their revenues from the land, were impoverished.”

海因索恩所说的“十世纪的崩溃”是中世纪历史学家所知的，但通常归因于入侵。Mark Bloch在他的经典作品《封建社会》(1940)中写道:
“从上次入侵的混乱中，欧洲西部出现了无数的伤痕。城镇本身也没有幸免——至少斯堪的纳维亚人没有幸免——即便他们中的许多人在被掠夺或撤离后，从废墟中重新站起来，这种正常生活过程的中断也将使他们在很长一段时间里虚弱不堪。……。沿河的贸易中心失去了所有的安全保障……最重要的是，耕地遭受了灾难性的损失，常常沦为沙漠。自然，农民比其他任何阶级都更容易被这些条件逼得绝望。依靠土地获得收入的领主们一贫如洗。”

This upheaval marked the end of the ancient world and would be followed by the emergence of the feudal world. Guy Blois, in The Transformation of the Year One Thousand, describes the transition as global and sudden. In some region like the Mâconnais, which he studied in detail, “twenty to twenty-five years sufficed to transform the social landscape from top to bottom.”

这一巨变标志着古代世界的终结，随之而来的是封建世界的出现。盖伊·布洛伊斯在《千禧年的转变》一书中，将这种转变描述为全球性和突发性的。在一些地区，比如他详细研究过的米斯康纳斯，“20到25年的时间足以彻底改变社会面貌。”

“There was no gentle progress by imperceptible transitions from one situation to another. There was drastic upheaval, affecting all aspects of social life: a new distribution of power, a new relation of exploitation (the seigneurie), new economic mechanisms (the irruption of the market), and a new social and political ideology. If the word revolution means anything, it could hardly find a better application.”

“从一种情况到另一种情况的微妙转变并没有缓慢的进展。剧烈的动荡影响了社会生活的各个方面: 新的权力分配，新的剥削关系(领主)，新的经济机制(市场的破坏)，以及新的社会和政治意识形态。如果革命这个词有什么意义的话，（除了用到这里）那就找不到更好的用法了。”

At the same time, the actual factors and processes of transformation remain largely mysterious, because the 10th century is “a period which is among the most mysterious in our history,” and “has left few traces in our collective memory.”[72] Sources of information from the 10th century are almost non-existent, and the sources from the 11th century not very explicit about the ills of the 10th century. The people of the early 11th century lived with a sense of a radical seizure between the last century, a time of destruction, disintegration, and confusion, and their present, a time full of promises which would soon give birth to what historians call the “Renaissance of the Twelfth Century”.

与此同时，变革的实际因素和过程在很大程度上仍然是神秘的，因为10世纪是“我们历史上最神秘的时期之一”，“在我们的集体记忆中几乎没有留下痕迹”。10世纪的资料来源几乎不存在，11世纪的资料来源对10世纪的疾病也不是很清楚。
11世纪早期的人们生活在一种巨变的感觉中，一个毁灭，瓦解，混乱的时代，一直到现在，一个充满希望的时代，很快就诞生了历史学家所说的" 12世纪文艺复兴"。

Heinsohn remarks: “The Tenth Century Collapse ran its lethal course closer to the present than any other world-shaking event in human history. However, it is the least researched, too. … We do not yet know what could have been powerful enough to bring about such a mind-boggling transformation of our planet. Though it must have been enormous we still cannot reconstruct the cosmic scenario.”[73] This is because most sources dealing with the catastrophe have been shifted backward. Yet the few Western chronicles that we have for the 11th century do inform us. The monk Rodulfus Glaber, writing between 1026 and 1040, mentions for December of 997, “there appeared in the air an admirable wonder: the form, or perhaps the body itself, of a huge dragon, coming from the north and heading south, with dazzling lightning bolts. This prodigy terrified almost all those who saw it in the Gauls.”

海因索恩评论说:“十世纪大崩溃的致命过程比人类历史上任何其他震撼世界的事件都更接近现在。然而，这也是研究最少的。我们还不知道是什么力量强大到足以使我们的星球发生如此令人难以置信的转变。虽然它一定是巨大的，但我们仍然无法重建当时的宇宙场景。”
这是因为大多数与灾难有关的资料都是向后转移的。然而，我们手头上为数不多的11世纪西方编年史确实告诉了我们一些信息。修道士Rodulfus Glaber在1026年至1040年间的著作中提到，997年12月，“空中出现了一个令人钦佩的奇迹：一条巨龙的形状，或者可能是它的身体本身，从北而来，向南而去，伴随着耀眼的闪电。这个异兆几乎吓坏了所有在高卢之地看到它的人。” Glaber还提到，在993年到997年之间，
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“Mount Vesuvius (which is also called Vulcan’s Caldron) gaped far more often than his wont and belched forth a multitude of vast stones mingled with sulphurous flames which fell even to a distance of three miles around. […] It befell meanwhile that almost all the cities of Italy and Gaul were ravaged by flames of fire, and that the greater part even of the city of Rome was devoured by a conflagration. […] At this same time a horrible plague raged among men, namely a hidden fire which, upon whatsoever limb it toned, consumed it and severed it from the body. […] Moreover, about the same time[997], a most mighty famine raged for five years throughout the Roman world [in universo Romano orbe], so that no region could be heard of which was not hunger stricken for lack of bread, and many of the people were starved to death. In those days also, in many regions, the terrible famine compelled men to make their food not only of unclean beasts and creeping things, but even of men’s, women’s, and children’s flesh, without regard even of kindred; for so fierce waxed this hunger that grown-up sons devoured their mothers, and mothers, forgetting their maternal love ate their babes.”

（他记载道，）“维苏威火山裂开的次数比往常要频繁得多，喷出许多巨大的石头，夹杂着硫磺的火焰，甚至落在周围三英里远的地方。与此同时，意大利和高卢的几乎所有城市都遭到了大火的蹂躏，甚至罗马城的大部分都被大火吞噬了。与此同时，一种可怕的瘟疫在人间肆虐，那就是一种隐蔽的火焰，无论它烧到什么肢体上，都会把它吞噬，把它从身体上切断。……此外，大约在同一时间，一场最严重的饥荒在整个罗马世界肆虐了五年，以至于没有一个地区不因缺乏面包而遭受饥饿，许多人饿死了。在那些日子，在许多地方，可怕的饥荒迫使人们不仅用不洁净的野兽和爬行的动物做食物，甚至用男人、女人和孩子的肉做食物，甚至不顾他们的亲属。因为这种饥饿是如此强烈，以至于成年的儿子吃掉了他们的母亲，而母亲却忘记了母爱，吃掉了她们的婴儿。”
（未完待续）