UK Covid deaths among worst of big European economies

英国新冠肺炎死亡人数是欧洲大型经济体中最严重的之一



(伦敦街头贴满对新冠逝者祝福的爱心墙。)
新闻:

The UK had one of the worst increases in death rates of major European economies during the Covid pandemic, BBC analysis has found.

BBC分析发现,在新冠肺炎大流行期间,英国是欧洲主要经济体中死亡率增幅最大的国家之一。

Death rates in the UK were more than 5% higher on average each year of the pandemic than in the years just before it, largely driven by a huge death toll in the first year.

英国每年的死亡率比前几年平均水平高出5%以上,主要是由于(疫情)第一年的巨大死亡人数造成的。
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That was above the increase seen in France, Spain or Germany, but below Italy and significantly lower than the US.

这一增幅高于法国、西班牙和德国,但低于意大利,也远低于美国。

Comparing death rates across countries

比较各国的死亡率

Back in April and May 2020, the UK was seeing one of the worst waves of Covid deaths in the world.

早在2020年4月和5月,英国就经历了世界上最严重的新冠肺炎死亡浪潮之一。

But Prof Sir Chris Whitty, England's chief medical officer, warned against international comparisons of Covid deaths too early in the pandemic.

但英格兰首席医疗官克里斯·惠蒂教授(爵士)当时警告,反对在大流行期间过早地比较各国的死亡人数。

Instead, he recommended looking at deaths for any reason, since they do not depend on what a country calls a Covid death.

相反,他建议关注任何原因的死亡人数,因为它们并不取决于一个国家所谓的“新冠死亡”人数。

And he said analyses should take account of the age profile of each country, which can explain a lot of differences in death rates.

他说,分析应该考虑到每个国家的年龄特征,这可以解释死亡率的很多差异。

We have built a database of those figures, collecting data for the last eight years from a range of European countries, as well as the US and New Zealand.

我们为这些数据建立了一个数据库,收集了过去八年来自一系列欧洲国家、美国和新西兰的数据。

Now the UK's long-awaited Covid inquiry is under way and Sir Chris is about to give evidence for the first time.

现在,英国期待已久的新冠调查正在进行中,克里斯爵士将首次提供证据。
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And as the World Health Organization has declared an end to the global health emergency, we have looked back at three years of pandemic deaths, starting in March 2020.

随着世卫组织宣布全球卫生紧急情况结束,我们回顾了从2020年3月开始的三年大流行死亡人数。
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We compared countries by measuring how much their death rates rose from those seen in the five years before the pandemic.

我们通过衡量各国的死亡率比大流行前五年的死亡率上升了多少来对各国进行比较。
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Over the three years to February 2023, the UK's death rates went up by more than 5%, which is more than France, Germany and Spain (all up between 3% and 4.5%), but by less than Italy's (up more than 6%).

在截至2023年2月的三年里,英国的死亡率上升了5%以上,高于法国、德国和西班牙(涨幅均在3%至4.5%之间),但低于意大利(涨幅超过6%)。

The US and Eastern European countries like Poland were even harder hit, with death rates more than 10% above their pre-pandemic levels over the three years to February 2023.

美国和波兰等东欧国家受到的打击更大,在截至2023年2月的三年中,死亡率比大流行前的水平高出10%以上。

In contrast, death rates fell in countries like Sweden and Norway and also New Zealand, who contained the virus successfully before its vaccination programme took off.

相比之下,在瑞典、挪威和新西兰等国,死亡率下降了,这些国家在疫苗接种计划启动之前成功地控制了病毒蔓延。

The year-by-year figures tell different stories for each country.

每个国家每年的数据都不尽相同。

For the UK, they point to early losses followed by significant success in 2022.

就英国而言,他们指出了英国在疫情早期遭遇了失败,随后在2022年取得了重大成功。
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How do the UK's deaths compare each year?

英国如何对比每年的死亡人数?

The UK was one of the worst-hit countries in the first year of the pandemic, with death rates running 15% above those before it started.

英国是疫情第一年受影响最严重的国家之一,死亡率比疫情开始前高出15%。

The combination of a terrible first wave and the rapid spread of the alpha (or Kent) variant just as the vaccine rollout was getting going contributed to a huge death toll.

可怕的第一波疫情和在疫苗要推出的时候快速传播的阿尔法(或肯特)变种的组合传播,导致了巨大的死亡人数。

Many eastern European countries like Poland avoided the spring 2020 wave but overtook the UK in numbers of deaths in the winter of 2020-21.

波兰等许多东欧国家避免了2020年春季的死亡浪潮,但在2020-21年冬季的死亡人数超过了英国。

The US continued to have steadily increasing death rates during the summer of 2020 and by the end of the year, it passed the UK's total.

2020年夏季,美国的死亡率继续稳步上升,到年底,美国的死亡率超过了英国。

Death rates fell in many European nations in the second year of the pandemic as vaccine programmes got under way.

在大流行的第二年,随着疫苗项目的开展,许多欧洲国家的死亡率下降了。
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The UK's vaccine rollout is regarded as a "global exemplar", says Prof Devi Sridhar of University of Edinburgh.

爱丁堡大学的德维·斯里达尔教授表示,英国的疫苗推广被视为“全球典范”。

That is not just number of doses, it was also getting them to the people most at risk.

这不仅仅在疫苗的数量方面,也在将它们送到最危险的人手中方面。

And the UK looked better than any major European economy bar Spain in that second year - with death rates below historical averages.

第二年,英国的死亡率低于历史平均水平,比除西班牙以外的任何一个主要欧洲经济体都要好。

In the third year, death rates rose in many countries as they opened up again.

第三年,许多国家重新开放后,死亡率上升。

Some of the largest rebounds we found were in countries like Germany, New Zealand and Norway, who had fared better in the first two years of the pandemic (and well overall).

我们发现,一些最大的反弹发生在德国、新西兰和挪威等国家,这些国家在大流行的头两年表现较好(总体上也不错)。

Norway had far fewer deaths than Sweden in the first year of the pandemic but over the three years the two countries look more similar.

在大流行的第一年,挪威的死亡人数远远少于瑞典,但在三年跨度内,这两个国家看起来更接近差不多。

It is hard to read straight across from Scandinavian countries to the UK, cautions Prof Sridhar, arguing "we'd never look like either Sweden or Norway", and describing them as "healthier, wealthier and more equal" countries that are very different to the UK.

斯里达尔教授警告说,很难从斯堪的纳维亚国家直接解读到英国,他认为“我们永远不会像瑞典或挪威那样”,并将它们描述为与英国截然不同的“更健康、更富裕、更平等”的国家。

Lessons for the UK

英国的教训

It would take many inquiries to tease apart the effect of all the possible reasons behind every nation's pandemic outcomes: preparedness, population health, lockdown timing and severity, social support, vaccine rollout and health care provision and others.

要梳理出每个国家大流行结果背后的所有可能原因的影响,需要进行多次调查:准备状态、人口健康、封锁时间和严重程度、社会支持、疫苗推出和医疗保健提供等等。

But some argue that there are lessons for the UK that need to be learned even before we think about future pandemics.

但一些人认为,在我们考虑应对未来的流行病之前,英国就需要吸取一些教训。

The UK's heavy pandemic death toll "built on a decade of lacklustre performance on life expectancy" says Veena Raleigh, of the King's Fund, a health think tank. She argues that government action to improve population health and turn that around has "never been more urgent".

健康智库“国王基金会”的维娜·罗利表示,英国庞大的流行病死亡人数“建立在十年来预期寿命表现低迷的基础上”。她认为,政府改善人口健康并扭转这一局面的行动“从未像现在这样紧迫”。

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