为什么罪犯需要洗钱，而不是用他们囤积的钱过日子？
Why don''t criminals just live off their hoarded money instead of money laundering?
译文简介
网友：你是说用现金支付一切？问题是，任何通过金融机构进行的1万美元或以上的交易都将上报政府。所以你不能把这笔钱放在银行里。你不能用现金购买大资产，比如宅第、土地、股票和生意，因为所有这些都涉及金融机构。我的意思是，从理论上讲，你可以这样做，你仅仅带着一个装满现金的行李箱出现......
正文翻译
为什么罪犯需要洗钱，而不是用他们囤积的钱过日子？
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You mean like, pay for everything in cash?
Problem is, any transaction of $10K or greater going through a financial institution is going to be reported to the government. So you can’t put that money in the bank. And you can’t use cash to buy big assets, like mansions, land, stocks and businesses, because all of these involve financial institutions. I mean, theoretically, you can structure such purchases in a way that you just show up with a suitcase full of cash, but that will make normal law-abiding people suspicious, leaving you in the position of being unable to buy what you want or having to deal strictly with other criminals.
Once you set big purchases and bank accounts aside, what’s left? Let’s see: budget cars, groceries, gas, clothes and utilities. That’s it. That would keep most of your money in limbo and allow you to enjoy very little of it.
So long as we are talking about criminals making major dough, such that they need to launder it, the goal of taking the risk of making so much money illegally is to build wealth, ensure economic security and eventually get out from under the criminal enterprise. A lifetime of prepaid basic expenses does not allow that.
你是说用现金支付一切？
问题是，任何通过金融机构进行的1万美元或以上的交易都将上报政府。所以你不能把这笔钱放在银行里。你不能用现金购买大资产，比如宅第、土地、股票和生意，因为所有这些都涉及金融机构。我的意思是，从理论上讲，你可以这样做，你仅仅带着一个装满现金的行李箱出现，但这会让正常守法的人产生怀疑，让你无法购买你想要的东西，或者你只能与其他罪犯进行交易。
一旦你失去了大额采购和银行账户，你还剩下什么？让我们看看：廉价汽车、杂货、汽油、衣服和公共服务。就是这样。这将使你的大部分钱处于僵化的状态，并让你只能享受很少的一部分。
只要我们谈论的是赚大钱的罪犯，这样他们就需要洗钱，冒着非法赚这么多钱的风险的目标就是创造财富，确保经济安全，并最终金盆洗手。预先攒够的终身基本生活费并不能让他们实现这一目标。
Back in the 80s I was sharing studio space with a couple of other artists in an old warehouse in a suburb of Boston. A guy approached us about taking over half the space. He was a drug dealer looking to go legit so he decided to open a frx shop. He refurbished the space, bought top-of-the-line equipment, and hired some top notch frxrs (i.e., people who knew how to make French and linen mattes, gold leaf expertise, that kind of thing).
That was 35 years ago and last time I checked he was still there.
早在80年代，我和其他几位艺术家在波士顿郊区的一个旧仓库里合租工作室。一个人走向我们，说要占据一半的空间。他是一个想金盆洗手的毒贩，所以他决定开一家画框店。他翻新了场地，购买了一流的设备，并雇佣了一些顶尖的装裱师（即知道如何制作法式和亚麻式哑光的人，金箔专家，诸如此类的人）。
那是35年前的事了，上次我发现他还在那里。
Most people think that finding a briefcase with a million dollars in it would be the solution to all their problems. It isn’t. You haven’t found a solution. You've found another problem.
You can’t walk into a car dealership and hand them $45,000 in cash for a car. They probably won’t accept it, and if they did, their bank will want to know where they got it. They’ll say it was you, which will bring various government entities to your door.
You can’t go to a realtor or even a private owner and give them $500K in $20 bills for a house for the same reason.
The answer to that is money laundering. You have to turn your ill-gotten gains into negotiable instruments, which means depositing them into a bank or other financial institution.
Back in the day, a common way to do that was to find a bank manager with a morally casual attitude about where his deposits come from and bribe him to ask no questions. The scene in Scarface where Tony Montana walks into a Miami bank with duffel bags full of cash was not that far-fetched.
Over the years banking laws have become more strict, so that scenario has become unlikely and money laundering has become more sophisticated. One of the common methods is called mingling.
大多数人认为，搞到一个装有一百万美元的公文包将是解决他们所有问题的办法。不，你还没有解决问题。你发现了另一个问题。
你不能走进一家汽车经销店，交给他们45000美元现金买车。他们可能不会接受，如果他们接受了，他们的银行会想知道他们从哪里得到这笔钱的。他们会说是你给的，这将会导致各种政府部门来到你的家门口。
出于同样的原因，你不能去找房地产经纪人，甚至是私人业主，给他们由20美元纸币组成的50万美元买房。
解决这个问题的答案是洗钱。你必须把你的不义之财变成可流通票据，这意味着把它们存入银行或其他金融机构。
回想当年，一种常见的做法是找一位在道德上对他的存款来源持随意态度的银行经理，贿赂他不要问任何问题。《疤面人》中托尼·蒙塔纳（Tony Montana）带着装满现金的行李袋走进迈阿密一家银行的场景并不那么牵强。
多年来，银行法变得更加严格，因此这种情况变得不太可能，洗钱也变得更加复杂。一种常见的方法叫做混合法。
But as money laundering has become more sophisticated, so have the laws regarding it. Some of these laws hold the financial institutions civilly and in some cases, criminally responsible for knowing where their deposits originate under a doctrine called “Know your customer.”
To protect themselves banks employ modern banking software that includes AML modules that scan all deposits and withdrawals looking for patterns and anomalies that indicate possible money laundering. The software generates the required reports automatically and submits them to law enforcement at the click of a button.
一个有很多钱要隐藏的罪犯会购买一项合法的生意，最好是一项基于服务和现金交易的生意。这段来自《绝命毒师》的视频是我见过的关于它如何运作的最好解释之一：
但是，随着洗钱变得越来越复杂，有关洗钱的法律也越来越复杂。其中一些法律要求金融机构根据“了解你的客户”的原则，对其存款来源承担民事责任，在某些情况下，还要求金融机构承担刑事责任
为了保护自己，银行使用现代银行软件，其中包括反洗钱模块，可以扫描所有存款和取款，寻找表明可能洗钱的范例和异常。该软件自动生成所需的报告，并通过点击按钮将其提交给执法部门。
The best businesses to use for money laundering are service-based businesses that deal primarily in cash. Bars are good, strip clubs are very good, primarily because men who will run tabs on a credit card at a bar will pay for everything with cash at a strip club. Most of the time a criminal will deal with several businesses to spread the money out and reduce the chance of the activity being caught.
The dumb way to do it is to deposit money in several different banks and keep the deposits to $10,000 or less. This is called structuring, it is a form of money laundering, and it is illegal. If you do it at different branches of the same bank, the software will catch it and generate a Suspicious Activity Report to the IRS, Secret Service, and FBI.
Any business that deals in cash-in/cash-out transactions such as Venmo, Paypal, and even casinos, which are not banks, have the same reporting requirements. Money laundering is not as easy as it used to be.
视频中案例的一个问题是，该软件被编程为知道合法商业业务的正常现金流应该是多少。如果这类业务的利润率过高，或者他们的工资支出不足以应付现金流，那么该账户就会被标记。
用于洗钱的最佳商业业务是主要以现金交易的服务型商业。酒吧很合适，脱衣舞俱乐部非常合适，主要是因为在酒吧用信用卡付账的男人会在脱衣舞俱乐部用现金支付一切。大多数情况下，罪犯会参与多种商业活动，以分散资金，减少活动被抓的几率。
愚蠢的做法是把钱存入几家不同的银行，并将存款保持在10000美元或更少。这被称为结构化，也是洗钱的一种形式，是非法的。如果你在同一家银行的不同分行做这件事，软件会捕捉到，并向美国国税局、特勤局和联邦调查局生成可疑活动报告。
任何从事现金收付交易的企业，如Venmo、Paypal，甚至是赌场，而不是银行，都有相同的报告要求。洗钱不像以前那么容易了。
Washing a million is easy, just using cash. For most of your basic needs for several years will do it. Groceries, restaurants, you can even pay credit cards (tied to Banks like Chase) with cash at the branch. Even if it takes 10years I’ll go that route
洗白一百万很容易，只要用现金就行了。用在你的大多数基本需求上，几年内就可以做到。杂货店、餐馆，你甚至可以在分行用现金支付信用卡账单（与大通银行等银行挂钩）。即使需要10年，我也会采用这种方法。
I was gonna say, if you actually have a million in cash, nobody is gonna bat an eye if you pay for a lot of your expenses and and less expensive luxuries in cash. Groceries, restaurants, movies, furniture, smaller home repairs, whatever. Actually, that might be a little harder than I thought. Getting rid of a million over 10 years is $271/day, which is definitely possible. I’d probably develop a casino habit too. I think any amount over that though, and you’re looking at some serious problems if you want to utilize the money for any big purchases in the near future.
我想说的是，如果你真的有一百万现金，如果你用现金支付很多费用和较便宜的奢侈品，没有人会眨一下眼睛。杂货店、餐馆、电影、家具、房屋小规模维修等等。实际上，这可能比我想象的要难一些。在10年内摆脱100万美元是271美元/天，这绝对是可能的。我可能也会养成赌博的习惯。但是我认为，如果数额比这更大，并且你想在不久的将来用这笔钱进行任何大额的购买，你会面临一些严重的问题。
There’s a great punch line about it in a film called Money For Nothing, sorta based on a real incident, starring John Cusack.
IRL, a guy named Joey Coyle saw something fall out the back of of an armored truck, which turned out to be a bag of used, non-sequential, untraceable bills: $1.2 million.
It does not end well for him, although the movie manages not to degenerate into either a comedy or a tragedy. The thing is — he does NOT want to turn over a million dollars to the authorities and hope for, what? a thousand dollar reward?
But he has no clue what to DO with all that dough.
在一部名为《横财就手》的电影中有一句妙语，这部电影根据一个真实事件改编，由约翰·库萨克主演。
在现实生活中，一个叫乔伊·科伊尔（Joey Coyle）的家伙看到有东西从一辆装甲车的后面掉了出来，原来是一袋用过的、不连号的、无法追踪的钞票：120万美元。
虽然这部电影没有堕落成喜剧或悲剧，但对他来说结局并不好。问题是——他不想把一百万美元交给当局并希望得到什么？一千美元的奖励？
但他不知道该拿这些钱做什么。
As the cops cuff him and lead him out, the TV cameras are on him. Somebody calls out: “Any regrets about the money, Joey? Did you make any mistakes?”
He says to the cameras, over his shoulder: “Yeah — NEXT time I'll know what to do.”
Respect.
BTW — there is an even better, also true story that nobody knows (but me, really): next time you talk to Spielberg, have him call me?
The gist: the morning of December 7th, 1941, the territory of Hawaii was put under martial law — naturally, they expected an invasion.
In the weeks that followed, the whole country completely changed to an all-hands-on-deck, wartime mentality. Most famously, people (like my dad) lined up to enlist, while the entire GDP shifted to war materials.
But it’s also true that otherwise obscure government officials focused sharply with a new angle on their jobs: how can I help the war effort?
So there was a guy at the Treasury Department, who conceived of a specific kind of threat from a Japanese invasion and occupation of the Territory of Hawaii: they would seize all of the American folding money IN Hawaii, and use it for nefarious purposes to wreck America’s economy.
(Just how that last part would work wasn’t real clear; they were in a hurry.)
事情的真相被揭穿了，他最终登上了新闻——名字，还有一张最新的照片——被警察追捕。在接近尾声时，有一个愚蠢的（显然是真实的）场景，当时他乔装打扮试图登上飞机。为了躲避机场追捕他的警察，库萨克（扮演科伊尔）向空中扔了很多现金。
当警察给他铐上手铐并把他带出去时，电视摄像机正在对着他。有人喊道：“乔伊，你对这笔钱感到后悔吗？你犯了什么错误吗？”
他隔着肩膀对摄像机说：“是的，下次我知道该怎么办了。”
尊敬
顺便说一句，还有一个更好的，也是真实的故事，没有人知道（但我知道，真的）：下次你和斯皮尔伯格谈话时，让他打电话给我？
要点：1941年12月7日上午，夏威夷领土被置于戒严令之下——当然，他们预计会有入侵。
在接下来的几周里，整个国家彻底转变为全副武装的战时心态。最众所周知的是，人们（比如我父亲）排队入伍，而整个GDP都转移到了战争物资上。
但事实上，其他一些默默无闻的政府官员以一种新的视角敏锐地关注着他们的工作：我该如何为战争做贡献？
因此，财政部有一个家伙，他设想了一种来自日本入侵和占领夏威夷领土的特殊威胁：他们将没收美国在夏威夷的所有纸币，并将其用于邪恶目的，破坏美国经济。
（最后一部分如何运作还不清楚；他们很匆忙。）
They confiscated every single piece of American paper currency — it had to be turned in at Federally-insured banks (that is, all of ‘em), where it would be recorded.
By late 1942, the Treasury had replaced all that cash with bills specially stamped HAWAII, front and back (I have one issued to my Dad), for use throughout the Pacific Theater.
Which gets to the good part: what did they do with all that confiscated cash money?
I was utterly gobsmacked by this tale, so I researched it: it was so rushed, nobody can exactly agree even on HOW MUCH was gathered up — $20 million? $200 million?
It was supposed to be incinerated — and at first, that’s how it was done, in various small facilities. But the sheer volume of paper got to be too much, so they took over a crematorium in Honolulu.
The kicker, of course, is WHO did this — a couple lifer NCOs.
Now, perhaps I am cynical. As a lifelong civilian, maybe I’m the wrong guy to speculate.
But the temptation for one of those NCOs (perhaps both) to stuff a couple duffel bags full of used, non-sequential, untraceable small bills, and then just …arrange for them to be shipped with their luggage when they went back Stateside for the Duration just seems… large, to me.
Whaddaya think?
因此，财政部去找了夏威夷负责戒严的陆军将军（顺便说一句，就是那个拒绝拘捕日二代的家伙），并说服他采取措施，应对这一对美国经济安全构成的紧迫风险。
他们没收了每一张美国纸币——必须在联邦承保的银行（即所有银行）上缴，并在那里进行记录。
到1942年底，财政部已经将所有的现金换成了专门在前后印有“夏威夷”的钞票（我有一张，是发给我父亲的），供整个太平洋战争期间使用。
然后故事到了吸引人的部分：他们用没收的现金做了什么？
这个故事让我目瞪口呆，所以我研究了一下：这事儿太仓促了，甚至没有人能确切地达成共识，确认收集了多少——2000万美元？2亿美元？
它们本来应该被焚化——起初就是这么做的，它们在各种小型设施中被焚化的。但是纸的体积太大了，所以他们接管了檀香山的一个火葬场。
当然，关键是谁做了这件事——一对士官。
现在，也许我是愤世嫉俗的。作为一个终身的平民，也许我没有资格去猜测。
但是，这两个士官中的一个（也许两个）在一对行李袋里塞满了用过的、不连续的、无法追踪的小钞票，然后就……安排它们在返回美国期间与行李一起托运，这种事情在我看来似乎……很不得了。
你认为呢？
Money takes up a lot of space
And it’s not very safe in this state. Keep all your cash in one handy to use pile, and you become a target for thieves. If someone steals your money, who are you going to call? The cops?
If you’re really good all the volume of cash you receive becomes a major headache. It was estimated that Pablo Escobar was taking in $420 million a week at the height of his empire. To give you an idea of how much that is, it’s equal to the total amount of cash the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing destroys and prints in a day, so essentially 15% of all the cash in the United States is flowing to one guy.
More comparisons - $1 million in $100 bills weighs 10 kilos, so $200 million would weigh a metric ton and would fill a cube about 1.1m on each side. Escobar could have filled two typical bedrooms with his weekly income in about three months. I’m kidding of course - that much weight would have caused the floor to collapse.
钞票会占据很大的空间
而且在这个国家也不太安全。把你所有的现金放在手边以便使用，你就会成为小偷的目标。如果有人偷了你的钱，你会给谁打电话？警察？
如果你真的擅长揽钱，那么你收到的所有现金都会让你头疼。据估计，巴勃罗·埃斯科瓦尔（Pablo Escobar）在其帝国鼎盛时期每周收入4.2亿美元。为了让你知道这是多少，它等于美国印钞局每天销毁和印刷的现金总量，因此美国所有现金的15%基本上流向一个人。
更多的比较——100美元钞票组成的100万美元重10公斤，因此2亿美元重1公吨，填满一个边长约1.1米的立方体。埃斯科瓦尔本可以在大约三个月内用他的周收入填满两间典型的卧室。当然，我是在开玩笑——这么重的重量会导致地板坍塌。
Some great answers here.
I'll give you a real life example.
Let's say, you are from a lower middle class family, the combined family income used to be 30,000 rupees a month. That's close to 394$ a month your family has been surviving on.
You are a wood cutter. So you go to the jungle everyday to get firewood. One day, you accidentally slip into the the nearby flowing river shore and you discover, gold nuggets between the pebbles and rocks.
You start digging and you realize it's a gold mine, the river has been bringing a lot of gold from the volcanic mountains somewhere and all those nuggets landed on the shore in the jungle.
You put some of those into your pockets and start selling them for cheaper cost to the people in city. You are getting cash. A lot of cash. You made sure no one knows you. So the gold can't be traced back to you.
Within a span of 8 months, you’ve sold gold worth of 9 million dollars (81 crore rupees).
You stored all of that money in the store room in your house, covered it with plastic sheets and asked your family to never let anyone in.
这里有了一些很棒的答案。
我给你举个真实的例子。
比如说，你来自一个中低层的家庭，过去家庭的总收入是每月30000卢比。这接近于你的家人每月394美元的生活费。
你是个伐木工人。所以你每天都去丛林拿生火的柴。有一天，你不小心滑进了附近流动的河岸，你发现了鹅卵石和岩石之间的金块。
当你开始挖掘时，你意识到这是一座金矿，这条河从火山山脉的某处带来了很多黄金，所有这些金块都落在了丛林的岸边。
你把其中一些放进口袋，开始以更便宜的价格卖给城里的人。你得到了现金。很多现金。你确保没人认识你。所以黄金不能追溯到你。
在8个月内，你卖出了价值900万美元（8.1亿卢比）的黄金。
你把所有的钱都存放在家里的储藏室里，用塑料布盖住，并要求你的家人永远不要让任何人进来。
Spendings in small amounts is ok. Like, going to a movie, dining at a 7 star restaurant, an expensive holiday abroad, online shopping, eating high quality food, using luxury toiletries, it's not going to be public.
But then, you have a shit load of money.
So you have Seen a friend of yours drive an expensive BMW.
You feel a little jealous.
You can easily afford a BMW. With the money you have, you can afford close to 150 of them.
So you go to the show room, test drive a sexy car and you decided to place an order.
The showroom agent asks you for your identification and tax returns. Without which he can't process your request.
You don't have any tax returns statement with you.
So you go back home disappointed.
Then you decided to purchase a luxury apartment.
The builder asks you for tax returns.
You go back home disappointed again.
现在你有钱了，你开始为家里买东西。
少量消费是可以的。比如，去看电影，在七星级餐馆吃饭，在国外度过一个昂贵的假期，网上购物，吃高质量的食物，使用奢侈的洗漱用品，这些都不会公开。
但是，你有一大笔钱。
所以你看到你的一个朋友开着一辆昂贵的宝马。
你有点嫉妒。
你很容易买得起宝马。用你的钱，你可以买得起近150辆。
所以你去展厅试驾一辆性感的车，然后决定下订单。
展厅代理要求您提供身份证明和纳税申报单。没有这些，他无法处理你的请求。
你身上没有任何纳税申报单。
所以你失望地回家了。
然后你决定买一套豪华公寓。
建筑商要求您提交纳税申报单。
你又失望地回家了。
She tells everyone in your street.
People keep asking you about the sudden change in your life.
You start worrying what to do. You don't want anyone discovering the source of your money.
So you go to a near by bank and ask them the procedure to save 8 million dollars.
The bank is delighted. They ask you for a PAN card (the Indian tax card).
But they inform you, that as soon as you deposit money, an alx will be triggered to the IRS, as the amount you are going to deposit is insanely high. IRS would ask you the source of your income. Failing to show proof they will take all your money away and put you in jail.
You are now scared. You can't just straight away deposit money in the bank.
So you come back home disappointed.
Finally, a friend of yours, who knows your secret, says, start a small business. Your friend promises you that, he will come as a customer and spend your money, in your shop, in small amounts. He also brings his friends and gets them to do the same.
与此同时，家务助理注意到你家里堆积如山的昂贵小器具和电器。
她告诉你这条街上的每一个人。
人们一直在问你生活中的骤变。
你开始担心该怎么办。你不想让任何人发现你的钱的来源。
所以你去附近的一家银行，要求他们办理手续以存下800万美元。
银行很高兴。他们要你提供一张PAN卡（印度税务卡）。
但他们会通知你，一旦你存款，就会向国税局发出警报，因为你将要存入的金额高得离谱。国税局会询问你的收入来源。如果没有证据，他们会拿走你所有的钱，把你关进监狱。
你现在害怕了。你不能直接把钱存到银行。
所以你失望地回家了。
最后，你的一个知道你秘密的朋友说，开始做一个小生意吧。你的朋友向你保证，他会以顾客的身份来，在你的店里花你的钱，少量的钱。他还带他的朋友来，让他们也这样做。
Over a period of 3–4 years, you ended up getting all your 8 million into circulation.
And slowly started depositing small amounts in the bank.
(The above is called money laundering).
From your business account, you started paying tax to the government. .
And you file incometax returns.
Once that is done, your money is basically clean and it's in the system.
You can use that to do anything now, like buying an Audi, a new flat.
IRS gets a trigger about you that your bank account is seeing a lot of activities.
When they come and check, they see a legit money making business or multiple businesses.
Imagine, illegal drugs, land mafia, illegal exports and several other crimes where it's difficult to explain the source of income. But you want to spend the money you earned.
It's not possible to live off the dark and illegal money just like that. Unless you choose to live a very simple and sober life.
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你开始为所有采购生成税务发票。
在3-4年的时间里，你最终将你的800万美元全部投入流通中。
你慢慢地开始在银行里存少量的钱。
（以上称为洗钱）。
从你的商业账户开始，你开始向政府纳税。
然后你送交收入纳税申报单。
一旦这样做了，你的钱基本上是干净的，它处在了系统中。
你现在可以用它做任何事情，比如买一辆奥迪，一套新公寓。
国税局收到警报，发现你的银行账户有很多活动。
当他们来检查时，他们看到一个合法的赚钱的生意或者多个生意。
想象一下，非法毒品、土地黑帮、非法出口和其他几种犯罪，在这些犯罪过程中很难解释收入来源。但是你想把赚来的钱花掉。
像那样靠黑暗和非法的金钱生活是不可能的。除非你选择过一种简单而朴素的生活。
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