让西方胆寒的冷战传奇战机：米格-25“狐蝠”截击机
This Jet Terrified the West: The MiG-25 Foxbat
译文简介
一架美丽的怪物
正文翻译
米格25截击机（英文：MiG-25 Fighter，俄文：МиГ-25，北约代号：“Foxbat（狐蝠）”）是苏联研制于六十年代末的一款高空高速截击战斗机，以其优异的高空高速性能和不锈钢结构惊艳冷战世界，也是苏联武器设计“蛮力出奇迹”的典范~
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The MIG 25 was an interceptor built to chase nuclear bombers during a nuclear war not to dogfight fighter planes. It was built to get high fast and had vacuum tubes instead off microchips because tubes can resist and EMP from a nuclear explosion.
It was a doomsday fighter.
米格25是一款截击机，它是为了在核战争中追击核轰炸机而建造的，而不是为了与战斗机狗斗（近距离缠斗）。其设计目的就是为了快速升入高空，而且使用的是真空管而不是微芯片，因为真空管可以抵御核爆引发的电磁脉冲。
它是一款末日战机。
Being an engineer myself, I can only imagine the anguish of the Soviet engineers and scientists when they would have realized that their years of calculations and iterations were compromised by a defector o.O
作为工程师，我能想到的只有苏联的工程师和科学家们在意识到他们多年的计算和反复演算因为一个叛逃者而被泄露时心底的剧痛
When I was a kid, I had a book of fighter jets. It wasn't a kid's book, it was really quite a dry listing of a few technical details for each plane, accompanied by a small photo. I became truly obsessed with the Foxbat, simply because of all the planes in the book, it had the highest listed top speed. Nevertheless, just because of that, and the small, blurry photo, I still remember it clearly, well over 3 decades later.
我还是个孩子的时候，有过一本关于战斗机的书。它不是儿童读物，其实是对每一款飞机若干技术细节的罗列，全是干货，而且附有一张小照片。当时我沉迷上了“狐蝠”，仅仅是因为在书中收录的所有飞机中，它记录在案的最高速度是最高的。就因为这一点，以及那张小而模糊的照片，在三十多年以后，我仍清楚地记得它。
US: plans to build the Valkyrie
Soviet: builds incredible numbers of single-purpose high-performence Interceptors
US: cancels the Valkyrie
Soviet: you moth....
美国：计划建造“瓦尔基里”轰炸机
苏联：建造了数量多到惊人的单一用途高性能截击机
美国：废止了“瓦尔基里”计划
苏联：你他妈...
（译注：“瓦尔基里”即XB-70“女武神”超音速战略轰炸机，如图，当时能追上这款轰炸机的只有米格25）
（回）这差不多就是北约国家第一次看到它时的感受。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
（回）很可能，在苏联开始研制米格25的几周后，“瓦尔基里”轰炸机就被废止了。
Good on you for doing your research and showing that the Valkyrie was the catalyst of MiG-25's inception. A lot of people erroneously attribute it to the SR-71.
不错不错，你做了研究，并阐明了是“瓦尔基里”轰炸机催生了米格25。很多人错误地把它归因于SR-71“黑鸟”侦察机。
（回）值得注意的是，还有一个关于SR-71“黑鸟”侦察机的错误观点，即米格31战机其实绝对有能力拦截“黑鸟”，而这是SR-71“黑鸟”侦察机从未飞越苏联的一部分原因。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Fun fact. My great uncle was one of the test pilots for the XB-70 Valkyrie. His name was Van H. Shepard. That man is a legend to me growing up.
有趣的事实：我大伯就是XB-70“女武神”轰炸机的试飞员之一。他的名字叫范·H·谢泼德。那个男人是我成长过程中的一个传奇。
Russia used heavy metal instead of aluminum is because aluminum is light. When an aircraft goes in supersonic speed, a single bird can make a huge hole in aluminum. MIG25 is an extraordinary jet. It is primarily an interceptor but it also attacks, supports and even spies. Foxbat is a true multirole combat jet UNLIKE F35 which can't fly during thunderstorm. It is the fastest fighter jet in history and yet it is built like a tank like every other Russian defense equipment. Unlike Blackbird, Foxbat is battle-tested. Not just the incident with Israel, even India in 1999 used Foxbat to enter Pakistan and took pictures of Pakistani camps and got out before Pakistan could even notice. Blackbird never got out of it's lab and Foxbat outmatched enemy three times that we know of. I wouldn't want my enemies to own a Foxbat. They can have as many F35 as they want during a thunderstorm
俄罗斯用的是重金属而不是铝，因为铝很轻。当飞机以超音速飞行时，一只鸟就能在铝材上撞出一个大洞。米格25是一种超乎寻常的喷气机。它首先是一种截击机，但也可以进行攻击、支援甚至是从事间谍（侦查）活动。“狐蝠”是一款真正的多用途战斗机，不像F-35，一到雷雨天就不能飞了。它是历史上速度最快的喷气机，但却像其他所有的俄罗斯防御型装备一样被造得有如坦克一般。和“黑鸟”超音速侦察机（SR-71）不同，“狐蝠”是经过了实战考验的。不仅是和以色列之间发生的事件，印度甚至在1999年用“狐蝠”进入巴基斯坦境内，拍下了巴基斯坦军营的照片，然后在巴基斯坦察觉到之前就飞离了。而“黑鸟”从来没有离开过实验室，而“狐蝠”，仅我们知道的胜绩就有三次。我不希望我的敌人拥有一架“狐蝠”。至于他们在雷雨天里想拥有多少架F-35，随便他们好了。
（译注：以色列曾多次出动F-4战斗机拦截前来侦查的“狐蝠”，都被“狐蝠”轻易甩掉）
The concept was an interceptor that could get to the intruder before the intruder got to the target. At that time the Soviets didn't have in-flight refueling and the 25 had to be big enough to carry its own fuel all the way to the intercept and back to base. A beautiful monster.
背后的设计理念是：一种能在入侵飞机飞抵目标之前先飞抵入侵飞机身边的截击机。当时苏联还没有空中加油系统，这架米格25必须大到能携带足够自用的燃料，要能撑到完成拦截和返回基地。一架美丽的怪物。
Soviet-era brute force approach to everything is incredible to think about. Everything they did was brutal, overbuilt, and designed to be made quickly, cheaply, and easily maintained or replaced. I remember reading a story of American pilots in shock at a Russian airforce base, as they saw worked uses sled hammers to beat the ice off the fighter jet wings. The Russian pilots then jumped in and took off as if nothing happened.
苏联时代是用蛮力来搞定一切，想想都觉得不可思议。他们建造的一切都很粗暴，建造数量过多，被设计成能快速建造，成本低廉，而且容易维护和替换。我记得读到过这样一个故事，说是美国飞行员在俄罗斯空军基地里被震撼到了，因为他们发现俄罗斯人在工作中铲除战斗机机翼上的冰时，用的居然是雪橇锤。完事后，俄罗斯飞行员直接跳进驾驶舱并起飞，仿佛什么都没有发生过。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
My dad was a MiG-25 pilot in the 102nd Squadron "The Trisonics" of the Indian Air Force.
He was there in 1997 when an indian MiG-25 flew over pakistan's capital Islamabad at over Mach 2 generating a very loud sonic boom which was mistaken for a bomb blast. He told me that a few years later in England he met this pakistani gentleman who was in their air force and he distinctly remembered that day, he said that he thought now some Pakistani pilot is gonna get his ass kicked for flying supersonic over their capital, it was later that he found out that it was an indian MiG-25.
我父亲曾是印度空军第102中队“三倍音速”中的一名米格25飞行员。
1997年时他就在那里服役，当时一架印度米格25以超过2马赫的速度飞过巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡，产生的巨大音爆被误认为是炸弹爆炸。他告诉我说，他在几年后的英国遇到了一位巴基斯坦绅士，后者也曾在巴基斯坦空军服役，还清楚地记得那一天，他说当时他以为某位巴基斯坦飞行员会因为以超音速飞越首都上空而受到惩罚，后来他才发现，那是一架印度的米格25。
Yes, it could be repaired by even the most remote and ill equipped air base...
All they need is a MIG welder...
是的，就算是最偏远、设备最差的空军基地也能修理它...
他们只需要一位米格焊接工就行了...
（回）你这是在内涵，以为别人看不出来吗…
I love the Flanker and the Fulcrum, but this is my favorite Soviet cold war plane. The sheer inelegance of it is oxymoronically beautiful.
我喜欢“侧卫”（Su-27系列）和“支点”（米格-29系列），但这款飞机才是我最喜欢的苏联冷战飞机。它那种极致的不雅观，自成一种矛盾的美。
Engineer 1: "But comrade, we don't have the right turbojets for this plane!"
Engineer 2: " ... there are some cruise missiles lying in the corner, why don't we take their jets!!"
Engineer 1: "Brilliant idea, comrade!!!"
工程师1：“但是同志，我们没有适合这款飞机的涡喷发动机！”
工程师2："...在那边角落里堆着几枚巡航导弹，为什么不把它们的喷嘴拿来用呢！！”
工程师1：“绝妙的主意，同志！！！”
“The design of the MiG-25 was directed entirely at achieving high speed and high altitude. It was not meant to be maneuverable. It was not meant to have good low speed performance. It was simply meant to travel through the air as fast as Soviet ingenuity could make it go.”
“米格25的设计完全是为了实现高空和高速性能。本来就不要求它具备机动性和良好的低速性能。它的设计目的非常单纯：让它在空中快速移动时，达到苏联人的聪明才智所能实现的最高速度。”
The secret to the speed was a combination of the enormous intake diameter of the turbine and all the air it could push behind it while limiting air intake velocity. The other secret was that the engines weren't governed with precision required to keep them from over-reving into overspeed runaway. Fuel delivery and altitude air density mixture under mechanical control was extremely difficult. The SR-71 managed some tricks, but still had to deal with un-starts and force the plane to descend to restart the engines. The West was never scared....just amazed. The Russians always presented solutions to their challenges that commanded respect from the West.
达到如此速度的秘密是几大因素的结合：涡轮机巨大的进气口直径和它能推动的大量空气，同时限制进气速度。另一个秘密是：没有对发动机进行精确控制，而后者是防止它们因转速过高而超速失控所需要的。机械控制下送出的燃油和高密度空气的混合是极为困难的。SR-71“黑鸟”侦察机成功应用了一些技巧，但还是不得不去应付发动机空中停车的问题，同时迫使飞机下降以重新启动发动机。西方人从来没怕过...只是大为叹服。俄罗斯人总能为他们面临的挑战拿出解决方案，这一点赢得了西方的尊重。
Don't think any plane so perfectly achieved its mission like the Mig25. It was in and of itself a powerfully fearsome deterrent for over a decade. I have no love for the Soviet unx but respect for their engineers given limited resources, pretty amazing stuff. You don't have to love your adversary to respect them either.
可不要以为有任何飞机能像米格25那样完美地完成了自己的使命。在超过十年的时间里，它的存在本身，就是一种强有力且令人生畏的威慑。我一点都不喜欢苏联，但他们的工程师在有限的资源条件下创造出了极为惊艳的东西，对此我要向他们致敬。你在尊敬你的对手时，并不是非得喜欢他们。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I believe that people sometimes fly in the mig25 as tourists to "the edge of space", or at least high enough to see the curvature of the earth with the naked eye, since it is one of the only planes that can reach those altitudes
我相信，人们时不时会以游客的身份搭乘米格25飞到“太空边缘”，至少也能飞到可以用肉眼看到地球曲率的高度，因为它是仅有的几款能达到那种高度的飞机之一。
The mig 25 served its purpose in every way, regardles of what the west said about it being crude and overrated. It was never meant for dogfights and maneuverability.
不管西方人怎么评价它，说它粗制滥造啦，说它被高估啦，米格25在各方面都达到了它的目的。它的设计目的，从来都不是狗斗或发挥机动性。
many MiG-25 and F-14 interactions happened during the Iran-Iraq war. these two had the best pilots for both jets.
米格25和F-14间的很多互动都发生在两伊战争期间。这两种飞机都配备了最优秀的飞行员。
The history of the initially "invincible" Mig-25 somehow reminds me of the hale of mysticism that surrounded the Japanese Zero early in WWII (among other possibly mystified aircraft that right now I cannot remember).
Besides, both had their design flaws and weak points that were unveiled once one of these airplanes made a forced landing outside their country.
不知为何，最初“不可战胜”的米格25的历史让我想起了二战初期围绕日本零式战斗机的神秘主义色彩（其他可能被神秘化的飞机还有很多，我现在想不起来了）。
此外，两者都存在设计缺陷和弱点，一旦这些飞机在国外迫降，这些缺陷和弱点就暴露出来了。
（回）那些飞机根本没有被“神秘化”。对于它们的飞行性能，对方的飞行员是心怀尊敬的，为了打败这些飞机，还不得不创造出分段战术。
Got to respect Soviet engineers they had a singular goal ,make an interceptor that can bulldoze through the air as fast as possible , and they did it, its kinda ironic they made a jet that's very similar to American dragsters. Very simple and with one goal in mind, pure speed through brute force
必须向苏联工程师致敬，他们就一个目标，那就是造出一款能以尽可能最快的速度推平空气的截击机，他们做到了，有点讽刺的是，他们造出的喷气机酷似美国的（直线加速赛）高速赛车。设计非常简单，目标也只有一个：靠蛮力实现纯粹的速度。
For something made with just straight up steel: its got quite a charm for looking like something unique
对只用纯钢造出来的东西来说：它的魅力是相当大的，看着就很独特。
I was lucky to sit in one of these planes wen I was 5-6 years old,there was 3 of these in my hometown air base back in the day… you guys cannot understand from this video how large that plane is , a grown man can walk straight into the intake of the engine.
我很幸运，在我五六岁的时候就坐进了其中一架“狐蝠”，当时在我家乡的空军基地里，这一型的飞机有三架...各位靠这个视频是无法理解这架飞机有多大的，它的发动机进气口，一个成年男子可以直接走进去。
One of the reason why the MiG-25's radar is so powerful is that it uses vacuum tubes instead of transistors and integrated circuits. They did this because vacuum tubes are less susceptible to interference from the EMP of nuclear weapons and NATO electronic warfare capabilities. In the Persian Gulf War, a significant number of air-to-air missiles fired by the Iraqis against Coalition planes were launched from MiG-25s. These planes were one of the few types that has a radar powerful enough to burn through Coalition ECM.
米格25的雷达如此强大的其中一个原因就是：它使用的是真空管而不是晶体管和集成电路。他们这么干，是因为真空管不太容易受到核武器带来的电磁脉冲和北约电子战能力的干扰。在波斯湾战争中，伊拉克人对联军飞机射出的大量空对空导弹，都是由米格25发射的。这些飞机，是为数不多配有强大到能“烧穿”联军电子干扰的雷达的机型之一。
（译注：“烧穿”是指己方雷达接受到的回波强度大于对方干扰信号的强度，从而重新捕获到目标）
Fun fact: the Japanese government billed the Soviet unx $40,000 for the shipping fees and airfield damage when negotiating the return of the plane
有趣的事实：日本政府在就归还飞机进行谈判时，向苏联收取了4万美元的运输费和机场损失费。
Lt. Viktor Belenko's defection to the West is a rather interesting story in itself, not just for the delivery of a MiG-25 largely intact to Western intelligence, but also his personal experience before, during, and after his defection. While the basics of Belenko's defection is outlined well in the video, one thing I wanted to add was that after he managed to stop the MiG at Hakodate Airport (which had a runway that was at least a third shorter than what Belenko was used to landing MiG-25s on), he took out his pistol and fired off several warning shots at pedestrians that had gathered near the plane in order to keep them from taking pictures. After having made such a remarkable landing, he was running on instinct and his training in maintaining military secrecy kicked in; additionally, he was waiting for American officials to arrive and examine the plan, not Japanese civilians. If anyone is curious about Belenko and his defection, I highly recommend the book "MiG Pilot," by John Barron, which covers all of that, as well as Belenko's life in the Soviet unx and in the United States.
维克多·别连科中尉叛逃到西方这件事本身，就是个相当有趣的故事，不仅是因为他把一架基本完好的米格25交给了西方情报部门，还因为他在叛逃之前、叛逃期间和叛逃之后的个人经历。虽然这个视频中很好地概述了别连科叛逃的基本情况，但我想补充的一点是，在他成功地将米格机停在（北海道）函馆机场（该机场的跑道比别连科习惯降落米格25的跑道，至少短了三分之一）后，他为了阻止聚集在飞机附近的行人拍照片，掏出自己的手枪向他们开了几枪以示警告。在完成了如此引人注目的降落后，他开始遵循本能行事，他在守护军事机密方面受过的训练也开始发挥作用；此外，他还在等美国官员（而不是日本平民）抵达并检查这架飞机。如果有人对别连科和他的叛逃感到好奇，那我强烈推荐约翰·巴伦的《米格机飞行员》一书，该书涵盖了所有这些，以及别连科在苏联和美国的生活。
This is why I love Soviet engineers. Designing cutting-edge new jet engines is expensive and takes a long time. But re-using engines from a cruise missile to power an ultra-fast interceptor is kinda genius. Who cares about engine longevity if you can produce all the parts pretty cheaply, and your repair costs are offset by the fact you spent nothing on R&D for dedicated new ones?
这就是我喜欢苏联工程师的原因。设计最先进的新式喷气式发动机耗资不菲，而且需要耗费很长时间。但对巡航导弹发动机的再利用（来为超高速截击机提供动力）就有点天才了。如果你能以相当低的成本来生产所有部件，而且，由于专用于新式发动机的研发费用你一分钱都没花，你的维修费用也就因此被抵消了，那么发动机的使用寿命还有谁会在乎呢？
This reminds me of the line in The HBO miniseries "Chernobyl." It's not about power but people's perception of our power. Their ability to cover the jet's shortcomings truly struck fear in their enemies which is a feat in itself that far outclasses the plane's performance or intended performance.
这让我想起了HBO迷你剧《切尔诺贝利》中的一句台词。“关键不在于权力，而在于人民是如何感知我们的权力的”。他们掩盖这款飞机缺点的能力确实让他们的敌人感到恐惧，这本身就是一大壮举，远超飞机的真实性能或预期性能。
Mig-25 and Mig-31:
10% fuselage
90% engine
And 1917% pure Soviet madness
米格25和米格31：
10%的机身+90%的发动机，外加1917%的纯苏式疯狂
I've been lucky to have been flown in one of these on 2004. I got a loan from my bank (fortunately did not need to say what the money was for), and paid around 15k Euro for the flight, which departed from Zhukovsky air base near Moscow. It was at winter time and in poor weather, however after waiting there was a short window in weather, so the guys prepped the jet and we took off. The aircraft was a two seated/dual cockpit type. The cockpit was quite large and me being 188 cm fit there fine. The pilot reached 24.1 km altitude where I took video and photos with my country's flag. This still is one the most amazing experiences I've had in my life and I have fond memories of this amazing aircraft.
我有幸在2004年搭乘过其中的一架。我从银行贷出了一笔款（幸运的是我不需要说明这笔钱的用途），然后支付了约15000欧元的飞行费用，是从莫斯科附近的朱可夫斯基空军基地起飞的。当时正值冬季，天气状况很差，但经过等待，天气状况出现了一个短暂的窗口期，于是那些人准备好了飞机，我们便起飞了。这架飞机是双座/双驾驶舱型。驾驶舱相当大，身高1米88的我，和驾驶舱也很匹配。飞行员飞到了24.1公里的高度，我在那里拍了视频，并和我国家的国旗合了影。直到今天这都是我一生中最神奇的经历之一，这架神奇的飞机给我留下了美好的回忆。
（图解：双驾驶舱型米格-25）
In western 'popular mechanics' equivalent magazines, I read that American intelligence officers who flew over to examine the Mig-25 that landed in Japan, were rather disappointed, feeling that the Soviets were playing a trick on them.
They suspected that the Soviets had sent a much downgraded version on purpose to frustrate their intelligence gathering.
They couldn't believe this was the fabled Mig-25 super fighter jet that they had feared for so many years.
Because of the steel that was used instead of titanium, Belenko's Mig showed some pretty noticeable spots of rust.
我在西方的同类杂志《大众机械》上读到过，飞过去检查在日本降落的米格25的美国情报官员相当失望，他们觉得苏联人在耍他们。
他们怀疑苏联人故意送来了一架性能上经过严重阉割的版本，为的是阻挠他们的情报收集工作。
他们无法相信，这就是传说中让他们担惊受怕那么多年的米格25超级战机。
由于用的是钢而不是钛，别连科的米格机上出现了一些相当明显的锈斑。
One thing that you can guarantee with just about all Soviet engineering is that they found a way to achieve impressive specifications using relatively simplistic materials and techniques.
对于所有的苏联工程，有一点你是可以确认的，即他们找到了一种方法，能用相对简单的材料和技术来实现骄人的技术参数。
我记得读到过一个故事，在1975年美苏联盟号/阿波罗号飞船开展的联合任务中，苏联宇航员在登上航天飞机之前，在拜科努尔买了一把猎刀，“以防”他需要用它来帮着修复什么东西。最后发现联盟号上的电视/显示器安装有误，他没有中止发射，而是在太空中修复了它，甚至都没有用上那把刀，而是用他的牙齿给需要重新连接的电线剥皮！
（回）所以，电影《世界末日》中最贴近现实的部分就是那句台词，“我们在俄罗斯空间站里就是这样修东西的！”