为什么波斯人要入侵希腊?
Why did the Persians invade Greece?
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网友：因为希腊支持对波斯帝国构成威胁的暴乱。几个世纪以来，希腊的各个邦都在地中海东部占据主导地位。他们控制了其影响下的经济、文化和政治领域，希腊大多数邦的财政状况都很好。但后来波斯人出现了......
正文翻译
Why did the Persians invade Greece?
为什么波斯人要入侵希腊?
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Because Greece was supporting riots that were a menace to the Persian empire.
The various Greek states for centuries were the dominate powers in the eastern mediterranean. They controlled the economic, cultural and political areas under their influence and most of the Greek states were well off financially.
But then the Persians came into the picture. Although the Persians had started off as small tribes in Morden Iran- they quickly united as a powerful force that swept into Turkey, Babylon, Assyria, India and Egypt.
Soon, the Persians were at the doorstep of main land Greece itself. The Greeks knew If something didn't happen fast, the Persians would brutally sweep through the entire Greek continent and conquer the vast majority of the city states.
因为希腊支持对波斯帝国构成威胁的暴乱。几个世纪以来，希腊的各个邦都在地中海东部占据主导地位。
他们控制了其影响下的经济、文化和政治领域，希腊大多数邦的财政状况都很好。但后来波斯人出现了。
尽管波斯人一开始只是现今伊朗的小部落，但他们很快团结起来，成为一股席卷土耳其、巴比伦、亚述、印度和埃及的强大力量。波斯人就在希腊的家门口。希腊人知道，如果不尽快采取行动，波斯人将残酷地横扫整个希腊大陆，并征服绝大多数城邦。
Although the revolt was eventually crushed, the aftermath shook the Persian empire to near collapse, making Persia become poorer and its army weaker from years of fighting the rebels. This infuriated king Darius of Persia, making him eager to punish those who supported the Ionian revolts- especially the Greeks who had sent soldiers to fight alongside the rebels.
This started the first of two invasions of Greece by Persia. During the first invasion: the Persians pushed deep into Greek territory, destroying one of their biggest Greek enemies, the Eretrians. With victory in sight, The Persians moved to attack Athens, landing at the bay of Marathon- where they were met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army. This led to the Battle of Marathon, where Athenians won a remarkable victory which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia.
希腊人很幸运:爱奥尼亚群岛(就在希腊旁边)人民奋起反抗占领他们的波斯人。爱奥尼亚群岛是波斯入侵希腊的门户。所以如果抵抗军驱逐了波斯人，就意味着希腊可以安全度过新的一天。雅典和埃雷特里亚立即支持抵抗军，希望他们能赶走波斯人。虽然反抗最终被镇压，但其后果是波斯帝国几乎崩溃，波斯变得更穷，其军队在与抵抗军的多年战斗中变得更弱了。这激怒了波斯国王大流士，使他急于惩罚那些支持爱奥尼亚起义的人，尤其是派遣士兵与抵抗军并肩作战的希腊人。这开启了波斯两次入侵希腊的第一次。在第一次入侵期间，波斯人深入希腊领土，摧毁了最大的希腊敌人之一的埃雷特里亚人。随着胜利在望，波斯人开始进攻雅典，在马拉松湾登陆，在此地，他们遭遇了以寡敌众的雅典军队，爆发了马拉松战役，雅典人赢得了巨大的胜利，导致波斯军队撤退到亚洲。
After Darius's death, his son Xerxes spent several years planning for the invasion: whipping up an enormous army and navy. The second invasion was a bigger fight than the last, with nearly a tenth of the Greek states taking on the Persian invaders. The second war ended with the destruction of the the Persian fleet, making it certain that another invasion of Greece would be impossible.
第二次入侵是第一次战争导致的直接结果——为了惩罚希腊对爱奥尼亚抵抗军的支持。大流士死后，他的儿子薛西斯花了几年时间计划入侵:组建了庞大的陆军和海军。第二次入侵比上一次规模更大，近十分之一的希腊城邦与波斯入侵者作战。第二次战争以波斯舰队的毁灭而告终，这使得对希腊的再次入侵成为不可能。
Greeks had set up colonies in Asia minor after the Trojan war 1300 BC. In the interior of Anatolia there was this kingdom called Lydia that appeared after the Trojan war 1200 BC from the remnants of the Hittite empire.
Lydia eventually conquered these ancient Greek states. Lydia and Persia had a war and the Persians won, winning the Greek states Lydia owned. The Greek states, like before, wanted independence and Persia refused resulting in the Ionian revolt. Meanwhile Persia continued to expand conquering other Greek states and invaded southern Greece twice but was unable to finish the conquest and hold their gains.
公元前1300年特洛伊战争后，希腊人在小亚细亚建立了殖民地。在安纳托利亚内陆，有一个叫吕底亚的王国，在公元前1200年的特洛伊战争后，从赫梯帝国的残余中出现。吕底亚最终征服了这些古希腊城邦。吕底亚和波斯有过一场战争，波斯人赢了，赢得了吕底亚所拥有的希腊城邦。希腊城邦，像以前一样，想要独立，但波斯拒绝了，结果导致了爱奥尼亚的叛乱。与此同时，波斯继续扩大对希腊其他城邦的征服，并两次入侵希腊南部，但他们没能完成征服并保住他们的战利品。
The wars between Persia and Greece took place in the early part of the 5th century BC. Persia had a huge empire and had every intention of adding Greece to it.
The Persian king Darius attacked Greece in 490 BC, but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a mainly Athenian force. This humiliation led to the attempt to conquer Greece in 480–479 BC.
波斯和希腊之间的战争发生在公元前5世纪早期。波斯有一个庞大的帝国，并打算把希腊也加进来。公元前490年，波斯国王大流士进攻希腊，但在马拉松战役中被主要由雅典人组成的希腊军队打败。这种屈辱导致了波斯在公元前480-479年试图征服希腊。
The main reason was that Xerxes wanted to expand in Europe.
He couldn't risk leaving possible enemies unscathed and just expand to the north. The Greek world had to be subdued first. But that's where the whole plan failed, Xerxes was not aware that Greeks might fight for Hegemony, but in the face of a threat the Greeks unite, not always though.
主要原因是薛西斯想在欧洲扩张。潜在敌人毫发无伤地向北扩张，这个风险对薛西斯来说是不能冒的。希腊世界必须首先被征服。但这就是整个计划失败的地方，薛西斯并不知道希腊人可能会为霸权而战。面对威胁，希腊人团结一致，但也并非总是如此。
Persia was an empire. The place that invented the concept “king of kings” (later applied to God by religious writers). Why does an empire invade any neighboring state? More power, more economic assets, more glory. Give the Army something to do other than create problems at home. Take your pick.
波斯是一个帝国。这个地方发明了“万王之王”的概念(后来被宗教作家用来指上帝)。为什么一个帝国要侵略邻国?为了更多的权力，更多的资产，更多的荣耀。要么给军队点事情做，要么让军队在家里制造麻烦，你挑吧。
Yeah they did, Persians went to Greece like 2 times as far as I know. At first they just conquered more than half of it except Athens and Sparta, but then with help of Spartans to Persians they conquered Athens and burnt it down.
Spartans were indeed good warriors, but thats not how it was as you see in those ‘’Hollywood Movies’’ lol, first of all Persians didn’t have like ‘’million’’ of warriors, maybe yeah they had many soldiers but not a million. Its just Greek historians during that time exeggerating numbers to show their people that ‘’thats how we defeated them’’. In almost every battle Greeks had against their invaders you will see like, small amount of Greeks fighting against huge armies lol but thats not true, their historians always liked to exeggerate that much since Ancient Greek history itself is based on ‘’legends&mythologies’’ they did the same about Battle of Troja. They said Trojans had like 30.000 soldiers against our 2.000 Myceneans.. however it wasn’t that possible for a city state ‘’Troja’’ to have 30.000 soldiers against all of Greek cities lmao.
是的，据我所知，波斯人去过希腊两次。一开始，除了雅典和斯巴达，他们只占领了一半多的领土，但后来在斯巴达人的帮助下波斯人征服了雅典并将其烧毁。斯巴达人确实是好战士，但不是你在那些“好莱坞电影”中看到的样子，哈哈，首先，波斯人没有“上百万”的战士，也许是的，他们有很多士兵，但没有一百万。只是希腊历史学家在那段时间夸大数字，向他们的人民展示“我们就是这样打败他们的”。在几乎每一场希腊人与入侵者的战斗中，你都会看到少量的希腊人与庞大的敌军作战，哈哈，这不是真的，他们的历史学家总是喜欢夸大这一点，因为古希腊历史本身就是建立在“传说和神话”的基础上的，他们对特洛伊之战也做了同样的事情。他们说特洛伊人有3万士兵对抗我们的2000迈锡尼人。然而，一个特洛伊城邦不可能有30000名士兵来对抗所有希腊城市，哈哈。
Question is flawed as there was no Greece at the time. You had the Hellenes living all around the Aegean and further out in the Mediterranean, and they themselves were divided into three-four major tribes and hundreds of independent states. Persians definitely managed to conquer the vast majority of the territory which is Greece today, basically everything except the Peloponnese peninsula, which contained the strongest “Greek” state Sparta. They conquered Athens and burnt it down. Macedonia was a tributary state, Thebes and Argos submitted willingly. Sure, Persian rule did not last very long over mainland Greece but they did conquer it.
这个问题本身就有问题，因为当时还没有希腊。希腊人生活在爱琴海周围，甚至更远的地中海，他们自己被分为三到四个主要部落，还有数百个独立的邦。波斯人成功征服了除了伯罗奔尼撒半岛外的希腊的大部分领土，包括最强大的“希腊”城邦斯巴达。他们征服了雅典，并烧毁了它。马其顿是一个附属国，底比斯和阿尔戈斯心甘情愿地臣服。当然，波斯对希腊大陆的统治并没有持续很长时间，但他们确实是征服了希腊。
You may say so, because at that time Greeks were all around black sea and nowadays Turkey (we call it Asia Minor not to confuse with Turkey which is only of the last thousand years - Constantinople was conquered in 1453 only). Therefore Persian King had conquered all Asia Minor Greek cities, all Thrace and Macedonia (definately had not coquered Western Greece like Epirus), also had conquered Thessaly and all Greek mainland included Athens (except the Athenian navy and some small islands close to Athens protected by the fleet), therefore the only land which was not occupied was Peloponnese and Epirus.This was of course because the Greeks were not yet unified and were making decisions city by city.
Therefore all of them counter attacked after the occupation of the city of Athens.
你完全可以这么说，因为那时候希腊人都住在黑海和现在的土耳其周围（我们叫它小亚细亚，不要和土耳其混淆，土耳其只存在了一千年，君士坦丁堡在1453年才被征服）。因此波斯国王征服了所有小亚细亚的希腊城市，色雷斯和马其顿(绝对没有像伊庇鲁斯那样征服西希腊)，也征服了色萨利和包括雅典在内的所有希腊大陆(除了雅典海军和雅典附近的一些受到舰队的保护的小岛屿)，因此，唯一没有被占领的土地是伯罗奔尼撒和伊庇鲁斯。这当然是因为希腊人还没有统一，还在一个城市一个城市地制定决策。因此，在雅典被占领后，他们都发起了反击。
persian armys never reached the Peloponnese. In the Persian wars around 480 b.C. were a third of the greek states in Greek country confederate with the persian Empire and a third was neutral. The two greatest states, Sparta and Athen., fought against the persian empire.
In the early Middle Ages once a persian army sieged today Istanbul, but could not win.
波斯人曾经征服过希腊吗？
波斯军队从未到达过伯罗奔尼撒半岛。在公元前480年左右的希波战争中，希腊国家三分之一的城邦与波斯帝国结盟，三分之一是中立的。两个最伟大的城邦，斯巴达和雅典，与波斯帝国作战。
在中世纪早期，曾经有一支波斯军队包围了今天的伊斯坦布尔，但没有获胜。
Did the Persian Empire ever conquer Greece?
A significant part of the Greek colonies, cities, islands and kingdoms - yes, for several years. Even half of them - for a year.
But in a war, in order to conquer you have to win. The Persians failed to achieve any major victories against the combined Greek forces (‘combined’ is a strong word - the Persians performing a sound advancement-consolidation tactic, backed by highly effective diplomacy, never faced more than a third of the armed forces the Greeks could gather; less, actually). The size of the mobilized force was also too high, by necessity, to supply, in order to allow them to win a war of attrition. When they suffered defeat at Salamis and Plataea, they retreated almost all the way back to Asia (only a small part of the land forces managed to return).
The only time Persians achieved a major victory was against the Athenians, in Egypt, during a major local uprising Athens had been asked to support - but they were at the defensive, never to dare an attack against mainland Greece again.
波斯人曾经征服过希腊吗？
如果是指希腊的重要组成部分，如殖民地、城市、岛屿和王国，那么是的，波斯征服过他们几年。甚至征服过半个希腊长达一年。
但在战争中，为了征服，你必须赢。波斯人对抗联合的希腊军队未能取得任何重大胜利。为了获胜所需的消耗，需要动员的兵力也太多了。当他们在萨拉米斯和普拉提亚战败后，他们几乎原路撤退回亚洲(只有一小部分陆军成功返回)。波斯人唯一一次取得重大胜利，是在埃及对抗雅典人的时候，当时当地发生了一场大规模的起义，要求得到雅典的支持，但他们当时处于守势，再也不敢对希腊本土发动进攻。