人类几乎毫无防御能力，为什么野生动物不再攻击我们?（二）
Humans are practically defenseless. Why don''t wild animals attack us more?
译文简介
人类的自然状态实际上并不是毫无防御能力的——它是武装的，是群居的，是愤怒的。
正文翻译
Humans are practically defenseless. Why don't wild animals attack us more?
人类几乎毫无防御能力，为什么野生动物不再攻击我们?（二）
人类几乎毫无防御能力，为什么野生动物不再攻击我们?（二）
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The natural state of humans isn’t practically defenseless- it is armed, in a group, and pissed off.
There is good evidence for stone tools being used for the last 2.6 million years - predating not only modern humans- Homo Sapiens- but the whole Homo genus.
Stone tipped spears? 460 thousand years. We don’t know how long before that simple wooden ones were used for.
Fire? Probably about 2 million years.
人类的自然状态实际上并不是毫无防御能力的——它是武装的，是群居的，是愤怒的。
有充分的证据表明，在过去的260万年里，石器工具一直在使用，比现代人类智人——还要早，而且比整个智人属还要早。
石头和标枪？46万年。我们不知道这种简单的木制工具被使用了多久。
火吗?大概200万年。
讲话?很难确定，但其他类人猿都使用声音交流，化石表明我们的祖先拥有复杂语言的解剖结构大约有50万年了。
我们是卓越的、耐力/追击掠食者——在大多数气候条件下，我们可以简单地把任何其他动物撞倒在地，并在它疲惫时杀死它。狼是唯一能与之竞争的物种，即便如此，也只能在较冷的条件下。而且我们可以组织伏击。
我们是顶级掠食者。如果有什么物种攻击我们，我们就反击——我们可以谈论他们，制定计划如何杀死他们，武装自己。我们可以心怀怨恨。狼杀了一个孩子?我们杀死所有的狼。或者把它们变成这样。
Sidney Leduc
LOL, let me add this one.
哈哈哈，我要补充这张。
Scott Hanson
I’ve hear it as “armed, in a group, and trained by the previous generation”. But “pissed off” is a good add to that.
我听说它是“武装的，群居的，由上一代训练的”。
但是“愤怒”是一个很好的补充。
A group of human armed with nothing more than spears is the most formidable hunting force ever produced by nature. People want to argue about the fact that humans aren't born with spears, we have to make them, so they're not “natural.” I submit that making spears for humans is a natural as making nests for birds. We've been doing it since before we were us.
一群仅用长矛武装的人类是自然界有史以来最强大的狩猎力量。人们想要争论的事实是人类并不是生来就有矛。
我们必须制造它们，所以它们不是“天然的”。我认为，人类制造矛是一种自然现象，就像鸟类筑巢一样。我们在成为我们之前就这样做了。
And chimpanzees make mini-spears for stabbing certain animals to death too.
It’s a Great Ape thing, not even just a human thing. It is definitely part of our “natural” behavior, however anyone wants to define that
黑猩猩也制造微型矛来刺死某些动物。
这是类人猿的事情，甚至不仅仅是人类的事情。这绝对是我们“自然”行为的一部分，无论谁想定义它。
“And we can hold grudges. The wolves kill a child? We kill ALL the wolves. Or turn them into this”
This is something that has been repeated on a lot of answers to this question. But I really wonder whether this actually was common in human pre-history.
Some people have suggested that this is what happened to saber tooth cats, but wolves thrived in North America until European settlers arrived and they no doubt occasionally killed Native American children.
Wolves were common in Europe until the middle ages, which is when concerted kingdom-led efforts to exterminate them started in response to children’s deaths (which then repeated themselves once Europeans arrived in North America). Humans were killed by wolves for thousands of years in Europe before then, but no one did much of anything until the 1200s.
“我们可以心怀怨恨。狼杀了一个孩子?我们杀死所有的狼。或者把他们变成这样……"
这个问题的答案已经重复了很多次。但我真的想知道这在史前人类中是否普遍。有些人认为这就是剑齿虎的遭遇，但狼在北美蓬勃发展，直到欧洲定居者到来，毫无疑问，它们偶尔会杀死美洲原住民的孩子。
狼在欧洲很常见，直到中世纪，在那个时候，由于儿童的死亡，王国领导的联合行动开始消灭狼(欧洲人到达北美后，这种情况再次发生)。在那之前的几千年里，欧洲的人类一直被狼杀死，但直到13世纪才有人做了什么。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
“Speech? Hard to pin down, but the other great apes all use vocal communication, and fossils indicate our ancestors have had the anatomy for complex speech for about half a million years.”
Actually, recently this has been shown to be false on two levels:
关于狗的驯化有很多理论。一些人认为这是一个循序渐进的过程，可能涉及到狼世世代代以人类的残羹剩饭为食，随着时间的推移慢慢适应人类。其他人则更接近这个答案假设发生了什么，但它并不真正为人所知。
“讲话?很难确定，但其他类人猿都使用声音交流，化石表明我们的祖先拥有复杂语言的解剖结构大约50万年了。”
事实上，最近这在两个层面上被证明是错误的:
《有些动物，如鹿，即使它们不发声，也有喉部下降的现象》
相反，喉部没有下降的动物也可以发出明显的元音：《猴子的声道是可以说话的》
Wolves were/are geared in Europe due to rabies. Rabid animals attack people.
The USA didn't have rabies, so the wolves,far from being a problem were revered by the natives. Europeans brought there own prejudices and slaughtered them.
I read a while back that there have been zero reports of American wolves killing people, since Europeans arrived there.
由于狂犬病，才对欧洲的狼下手，因为患狂犬病的动物会攻击人。
美洲没有狂犬病，所以狼不是一个问题，受到当地人的尊敬。欧洲人带来了自己的偏见，并屠杀了他们。
我之前读到，自从欧洲人来到美洲，就没有关于美洲狼杀人的报道。
Humans are not defenseless, not by any stretch of the imagination. As far as animals are concerned - all animals, from fluffy little bunny rabbits all the way up to tigers and sharks - this is what humans are;
They can’t be bargained with. They can’t be reasoned with. They don’t feel remorse, or pity, or fear. And they absolutely will not stop, ever, until you are dead.
Some people assume that the “natural state” of humans is stark naked, curled up in the fetal position, sobbing and waiting for the nasty lions and tigers and bears (oh my) to come and finish them off. This could not be farther from the truth.
If you take a human, strip them of all the modern-day equipment and resources we have developed, and drop them in a forest, practically the first thing they will do is break off a large branch. They will then pick up stones. Now, they have a club and several small projectiles. With these, they can keep animals at a distance (depending on the length of the stick) and attack at range (by throwing stones) or multiply their strength (by hitting with a club). That is three weapon systems created by simply picking up stones and breaking off a branch. More branches can be sharpened, stuck into holes in the ground, and hidden with leaves and dirt to create booby-traps.
人类并不是毫无防御能力，无论怎么想都是如此。就动物而言——所有的动物，从毛茸茸的小兔子一直到老虎和鲨鱼——这就是人类。
他们无法讨价还价，他们不讲道理。他们不会感到懊悔、怜悯或恐惧。他们绝对不会停止，永远不会，直到你死。
一些人认为人类的“自然状态”是赤裸裸的、蜷缩成胎儿哭泣、等待可恶的狮子、老虎和熊(哦，天哪)来结束他们的样子。但这与事实相去甚远。如果你找一个人，剥夺他们所有的现代设备和我们开发的资源，把他们扔在森林里，他们做的第一件事就是折断一根大树枝。然后他们会捡石头。
现在，他们有一个棍棒和几枚小型“炮弹”。有了这些，他们可以让动物保持一定的距离(取决于棍子的长度)，在一定范围内攻击(通过扔石头)或增强它们的力量(通过用棍子打)。这是通过捡起石头并折断树枝而创造的三种武器系统。可以把更多的树枝磨尖，插在地上的洞里，用树叶和泥土隐藏起来，制造诱饵陷阱。
Humans are not the fastest sprinters (the average sprinting speed for many athletes is 24km\\\\\\\\h (15mph), compared to the cheetah at 112 km/h (70mph), although the second fastest land animal is the ostrich which can manage 96.6 km/h (60 mph), so there’s a considerable drop between first and second place) but there is virtually no land animal that can outlast us simply walking over distance. Humans used to hunt (and still do in places) by simply walking after their prey day and night without rest, until the prey simply collapses from exhaustion. Humans can stay awake for up to 36 hours before suffering intense sleep deprivation - it’s usually around 48 hours where people suffer serious side effects (such as hallucinations and microsleeps). Big cats - arguably the second-best land predators - sleep from 12–16 hours every day, and some days even sleep for 20 hours.
人们犯的另一个错误是，他们认为，因为人类没有爪子或尖牙，所以我们很脆弱，很容易被咬。再一次，这与事实相去甚远。
人类不是最快的短跑运动员（许多运动员的平均短跑速度是24公里每小时，相比之下猎豹为112公里每小时，第二快的陆地动物是鸵鸟，它可以96.6公里/小时，所以第一名和第二名之间有很大的差距），但实际上没有陆地动物能比我们走得更远。
人类过去狩猎(在某些地方仍然如此)，是通过日夜不停地追赶猎物，直到猎物精疲力尽而倒下。在遭受严重的睡眠剥夺之前，人类可以保持长达36个小时的清醒——通常在48小时左右，人们会出现严重的副作用(如幻觉和微睡眠)。大型猫科动物——可以说是第二强的陆地捕食者——每天睡12-16个小时，有时甚至睡20个小时。
Broken limbs will lead to death for most animals. Humans have reached the point where a broken limb is more an inconvenience than anything else. This is largely due to our “pack mentality” - human societies will typically accommodate such injuries by giving the wounded more menial or sedentary tasks while they recover (which on average takes 6–8 weeks). Studies of wild animals with old fractures revealed that most animals that survived broken bones were injured as children - most fractures sustained as adults (while rare) proved fatal. Some hive mentality animals - such as ants - provide medical aid to injured hive members, but many just leave the wounded to die. A honey bee colony, for example, may lose upwards of a thousand members per day.
由于我们有出汗的能力，因此在进行艰苦劳动的同时会降温，我们的耐力远远超过了世界上任何其他物种。是的，猎豹可以以每小时70英里的速度奔跑，但只能维持30秒。如果它保持最高速度的时间太长，它可能会过热并死亡。一个健康的年轻人完全可以在40分钟内跑完10公里，这意味着人类可以以15公里/小时(9英里/小时)的速度连续跑半个多小时。地球上排名前四位的长跑运动员依次是马、人类、雪橇犬和骆驼。所以我们还有这三种动物，我们几千年来都在为长跑而训练。即便如此，在距离上也只有马能超过我们。
对大多数动物来说，断肢会导致死亡。人类已经达到了这样一种地步:断肢比其他任何东西都更让人不方便。这在很大程度上是由于我们的“群体心态”——人类社会通常会通过在伤者康复期间给他们更多低级的或久坐不动的任务来适应这种伤害(这平均需要6-8周)。
对有旧骨折的野生动物的研究表明，大多数骨折后存活下来的动物都是在儿童时期受伤的——大多数骨折在成年后仍会持续(虽然罕见)，事实证明是致命的。一些具有蜂群意识的动物比如蚂蚁，为受伤的成员提供医疗援助，但许多动物只是让受伤的蜂群成员自生自灭。例如，一个蜂群每天可能失去上千个成员。
As proof - firstly, look at Europe. Once, Europe was full of bears, wolves, wildcats and other predators. We offered the wolves a truce - stand with us and we will feed and protect you. The wolves that accepted are now dogs - the ones that did not were wiped out. Bears, wildcats and any other predator that we faced were wiped out, until pretty much the most dangerous wild animal in Europe is a fox.
最后是智力，智人的超能力。即使不考虑人类的成就——1903年发明了动力飞行器，仅仅66年后的1969年就登上月球————人类拥有无与伦比的智慧。人类总是用他们的智慧来弥补他们与其他动物相比的缺点。我们没有爪子和尖牙，所以我们用工具来刺和杀。
我们的身体比大多数猎物都弱，所以我们使用陷阱和战术来杀死它们(最好的例子是狩猎猛犸象，迫使它们下悬崖)。人类的嗅觉相对较差，所以我们利用自己的智力驯养狼，让狼看守我们的洞穴，并通过嗅觉追踪猎物。
作为证据，首先看看欧洲。曾经，欧洲到处都是熊、狼、野猫和其他食肉动物。我们向狼提出了“停战协议”，和我们站在一起，我们会喂你们，保护你们。接受“协议”的狼现在变成了狗——不接受的狼都被消灭了。熊，野猫和我们所面对的任何其他掠食者都灭绝了，直到现在，欧洲最危险的野生动物是狐狸。
They weigh up to 4,500 kg.
They grow up to 7.6m long.
They are the second fastest marine animal, reaching speeds of 56km/h (Michael Phelps himself can only manage about 6km/h).
And yet, humans, unable to breathe underwater, relatively poor swimmers and literally out of their depth when in the sea, have massacred not only orcas, but also any other marine animal that so much as looked sideways at them. In fact, some killer whales have tried to copy the wolves playbook and helped whalers to hunt down whales in exchange for the parts of the carcass that the human’s didn’t want.
On average, each year, sharks kill a grand total of… 10 people.
Humans kill 100 million sharks. That’s 10 million sharks for every 1 human. We kill the ocean’s apex predators at a rate of 10 million for every one of us they kill, despite them having the “home” advantage. Even surfers and kayakers have fought off sharks while either unarmed or with simple tools like knives.
Humans are not “practically defenseless”. Homo sapiens is quite literally the apex predator to end all apex predators. We are the Borg mixed with the terminator.
这是一头杀人鲸（虎鲸），虎鲸是海洋中的顶级掠食者。海洋中没有任何物种可以捕食虎鲸群。它们甚至会时不时地杀死大白鲨。它们重达4500公斤。它们可以长到7.6米长。它们是第二快的海洋动物，速度可达56公里/小时。
然而，不能在水下呼吸，游泳和潜水能力相对较差的人类，不仅屠杀了虎鲸，而且还屠杀了任何其他海洋动物。事实上，一些虎鲸试图效仿狼的做法，帮助捕鲸者捕猎鲸鱼，以换取人类不需要的鲸鱼尸体部分。
平均来说，每年，鲨鱼总共杀死了10个人，而人类杀死了1亿只鲨鱼。也就是说，每1000万条鲨鱼对应1个人。尽管它们有“本土”优势，但它们每杀死1个人，我们就会杀死海洋食物链顶端的捕食者1000万。即使是冲浪者和皮划艇运动员也曾在手无寸铁或使用刀具等简单工具的情况下击退过鲨鱼。
人类并非真的“毫无防御能力”。毫不夸张地说，智人是终结所有顶级捕食者的顶级捕食者。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
我们是人类，退下并投降。我们会把你的生物技能和能力添加到我们的身上。你们的种族会为我们服务并适应，抵抗是徒劳的。
希望以上内容对你有所帮助！
Because we are NOT “practically defenseless.” We are the worst and most ruthless tyrant that Kingdom Animalia has ever seen.
True, if something like a bear or a tiger comes up on a human unawares, it can easily kill a human. But more often than not, humans are self-aware, and they don’t put themselves in positions where bears and tigers can get at close quarters for a straight-up fight. Humans don’t fight fair. They have things bears and tigers have no defense against, such as this…
And even more dangerously, humans in the wilderness often have these, too:
我们并非“毫无防御能力”。我们是动物王国有史以来最坏最无情的暴君。
没错，如果像熊或老虎这样的东西在不知不觉中出现在人类身边，它可以很容易地杀死一个人。但通常情况下，人类是有自我意识的，他们不会把自己放在熊和老虎可以近距离搏斗的位置上。人类的战斗是不公平的。它们有熊和老虎无法防御的东西，比如这个……
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
更危险的是，人类在野外通常也会携带枪支。
Humans are dangerous, they are ruthless, they extract enormous resources from nature in order to sustain themselves, and they will even fight each other as savagely as any wild animal will. Unless humans like a wild animal and perceive it to be useful, such as this:
可怜的熊和老虎在远处死亡。这些人可能又慢又弱，但他们很聪明。在大约250万年的时间里，各种各样的人类变得越来越致命，许多野生动物本能地知道，只要有可能，就远离人类。当然，也有例外，比如熊妈妈保护她的幼崽，或者是一只意识到人类不知道它在那里的食肉野生动物。但一般来说，野生动物知道人类是危险的。即使它们杀了一个，还会有更多的人来，它们的日子也不多了。
人类是危险的，他们是无情的，他们从自然中攫取巨大的资源来供自己所用，他们甚至会像任何野生动物一样野蛮地相互争斗。除非人类喜欢野生动物并认为它有用，比如:
It’s usually not healthy for wild animals to try to engage with the tyrant. As some species like the aurochs, the red junglefowl, and the boar discovered, sometimes humans find certain wild animals to be tasty. (You probably know those species by the names cattle, chicken, and pig.) Some humans even eat the domesticated wolves and equines!
There have been fearless predators before, like T. rex and the saber-tooth tiger. Many have been stronger or more dangerous at close quarters. But they never roamed the every corner of the world in such great numbers or were so resourceful.
野生动物试图与暴君接触通常是不健康的。正如欧洲野牛、红丛林鸮和野猪等物种所发现的那样，有时人类会发现某些野生动物很美味。(你可能知道这些物种的名字是牛、鸡和猪。)有些人甚至吃家养的狼和马!
曾经有过无所畏惧的掠食者，比如霸王龙和剑齿虎。许多动物在近距离时（比人类）更强壮或更危险。但它们从来没有如此大量地漫游过世界的每一个角落，也不够足智多谋。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
To quote Larry Niven: “MY evolution includes a club.”
We’ve been using weaponry since before we were Homo Sapiens Sapiens. Our wrists are evolved for using obxts as a club, and to throw things.
引用Larry Niven的话:“我的进化包括一根棍棒。”
我们在成为智人之前就开始使用武器了。我们的手腕已经进化到可以使用像棍棒一样的物体，也可以扔东西。
And even the “tasty” animals have a successful survival strategy in being useful to humans from a species survival perspective, even if not an individual survival one. Chickens, cows, and pigs will not be going extinct any time soon, and we’ll see to it that they don’t.
从物种生存的角度而不是个体生存的角度来看，即使是“美味”的动物也有一种成功的生存策略，对人类有用。
鸡、牛、猪不会那么快灭绝，我们也不会对它们的绝灭袖手旁观。
The surest way for animal to survive…species-wise is… be tasty! Lol
从物种角度来说，动物生存下来的最可靠的方法就是好吃！哈哈
Or more precisely “be farmable"
或者更准确地说，是“可养殖的”。
Also note that humans have a pack mentality and will actively destroy potential threats once known of. If a bear kills a human today then by tomorrow there will be ten humans hunting that bear to kill it.
This is different to most animals, which will not go after potential threats to kill them. animals that do go after potential threats include: Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and orcas… particularly orcas who will even go so far as to hunt and kill sharks in their area), Apes (chimps, baboons etc), And some types of birds.
It appears teh more intelligent a creature the more it understands that a death of one of theirs today is potentially a death of themselves tomorrow. You know, logic.
还要注意，人类有一种群体心态，一旦知道了，就会主动摧毁潜在的威胁。如果一只熊今天杀了一个人，那么到明天就会有十个人来猎杀那只熊。
这与大多数动物不同，它们不会追逐潜在的威胁来杀死它们。追捕潜在威胁的动物包括:鲸类动物、猿类、某些鸟类。
似乎一个生物越聪明它就越明白今天一个人的死亡可能就是明天它们自己的死亡。你懂的——逻辑。