韩国受中国影响更大还是受日本影响更大？

Sunwoo Park
Historically, China has had much more influence on Korea than Japan historically, while modern Korea has been more influenced by Japan. Though it is also an interesting point that was raised by other people on Quora here. Most people don’t say “has X country been influenced by Y or Z” outside of Asia at least from my understanding. I think it almost reflects the mindset of East and Southeast Asians in a way.

从历史上看，中国对韩国的影响比日本大得多，而现代韩国受日本的影响更大，虽然这也是 Quora 上其他人在这里提出的一个有趣的观点。至少在我的理解中，大多数人不会在亚洲以外的地方说“X 国家是否受到 Y 或 Z 的影响”。我认为它在某种程度上几乎反映了东亚和东南亚人的心态。

Anyhow, technological and cultural transfer for most of East Asian history until the Mongol Yuan Dynasty played out somewhat like this, China -> Korea -> Japan. This is most iconically see during the Three Kingdoms Period of Korea, when Baekje, the southwestern Korean state in what is now Jeolla Province, played a critical role in the development of state relations in Asia. Specifically, Baejke was a strong ally of China (during the Sui Dynasty of China, they even egged China on to invading Goguryeo, the northern Korean kingdom). Baekje was from its foundation until the late 500s AD the primary reciepient of Chinese culture into the Korean peninsula, where the Koreans then molded and reshaped the inspiration into their own unique culture (this mostly applied only to the upper class by the way,).

无论如何，直到元朝为止，东亚历史上大部分时间的技术和文化转移都是这样的：中国 -> 朝鲜 -> 日本。这在朝鲜三国时期最为典型，当时位于现在朝鲜半岛西南部国家百济在亚洲国家关系的发展中发挥了关键作用。具体来说，当时百济是中国的强大盟友（在中国隋朝，他们甚至怂恿中国入侵朝鲜北部的王国高句丽）。百济从成立到公元 500 年代后期都是中国文化进入朝鲜半岛的主要接受者，然后朝鲜人将这些文化重塑为他们自己独特的文化（顺便说一句，这主要只适用于上层阶级）

Baekje itself helped spread culture to Japan, where the Japan also took to form their own unique, seperate culture from that. Cultural transfusion during this era typically went from West (China) to East (Korea, Japan). Later on, after Baekje fell during the Goguryeo-Tang Wars, many Baekje refugees fled to Japan and settled there and Japan started to get direct technological and cultural transfers from China. An interesting thing to note here is that Japan stopped this transfer sometime around late Tang-Early Song, so a lot of Japanese culture afterwards diverged heavily (transfers still happened but never again on the colossal scale that occured in the 8th and 9th century AD).

百济本身还帮助中国将文化传播到日本，日本也在那里形成了自己独特的、独立的文化。这个时代的文化输血通常是从西方（中国）到东方（朝鲜、日本）。后来，百济在高句丽和唐朝的战争中陷落后，许多百济难民逃到日本并在那里定居，同时日本开始从直接中国唐朝获得的技术和文化转移。这里需要注意的一件有趣的事情是，日本在唐末宋初的时候停止了这种转移，因此后来的许多日本文化和中国文化出现了分化（当然文化转移仍然发生，但再也没有像公元 8 世纪和 9 世纪那样大规模地发生转移）。

In modern Korea however, I would argue that the Japanese colonial era (1910–1945) arguably has had more of an impact on modern Korean culture than China did. There are still significant remnants of Chinese culture in Korea, but something to keep in mind is that for Korea, they stopped trying to follow China culturally after the collapse of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The Ming Dynasty actually collapsed when peasant rebels under the Shun Dynasty overthrew them, but then the Qing, the Manchu northern peoples of Manchurian who had been fighting the Ming single the early 1600s, invaded China and seized the middle kingdom.

然而，在现代朝鲜半岛，我认为日本殖民时代（1910-1945年）对现代朝鲜文化的影响可能比中国更大。朝鲜仍有大量的中国文化残余，但需要记住的是，对朝鲜来说，当大顺的农民叛军推翻了明朝，明朝（1368-1644）崩溃后，他们不再试图在文化上追随中国，后来，17世纪初就开始与明朝作战的满洲北方人入侵中国，占领了这个中央王国。

The end of the Ming Dynasty was when Korea, like Japan, stopped the cultural and technological transfer. For Korea, then Joseon, Ming was their suzerain patron-ally in the tributary relationship, which had defended them during Hideyoshi’s Invasions of Korea (1592–1598). I’d argue that Sino-Korean relations peaked during this period (1592–1636 AD) at levels we probably will never see again in history, as the Joseon Korean Dynasty felt a level of gratitude and appreciation similar to how the modern Republic of Korea feels towards the United States due to the Ming’s role in helping Joseon fight off the Japanese invasion.

明朝末期，韩国和日本一样，停止了文化和技术转移。对当时的朝鲜来说，明朝是他们在朝贡关系中的宗主国，在丰臣秀吉入侵朝鲜（1592-1598）期间为他们提供了帮助。我认为中朝关系在这一时期（公元 1592 年至 1636 年）达到顶峰，我们可能在历史上再也见不到了，因为明朝帮助朝鲜击退了日本的入侵，所以朝鲜王对大明有一种程度的感激和欣赏，类似于现代韩国对美国的感受。

the Ming Empire was a colossal Confucian superpower, run by bureaucrats and functioned as a state that prioritized bureacracy first, military second and merchants third. Joseon Korea was a Confucian middle power, run by bureaucrats and functioned as a state that prioritized bureacracy first, military second and merchants third. The Ming affectionately called Joseon “The Land of the Courteous People in the East” and Sinophile Joseon nobles often called themselves “Little China” after the Ming fell. To the Ming, Joseon was their chief tributary-ally in the hierarchy of tribtuaries across the frontiers of the empire, and the most civilized of their neighbors. To Joseon, the Ming was the cultured Middle Kingdom that was the center of civilization, especially in regards to literary classics and technology.

明朝是一个儒家超级大国，由官僚统治，作为一个优先考虑政治统治，军事第二，商人第三的国家，看到朝鲜也是一个信奉儒家，由官僚统治，同样把政治统治看作第一，军事第二，商人第三的国家，明朝人亲切地称朝鲜为“东方土地的文明人”，明朝灭亡后，亲中的朝鲜贵族也常常称自己为“小中国”。对明朝来说，朝鲜是他们的主要附属国也是帝国朝贡体制中的主要盟友，是他们邻居中最文明的。对朝鲜来说，明朝是中央王国，是文明的中心，尤其是在文学经典和技术方面。

The Joseon Dynasty repaid the Ming Dynasty for their assistance by sending more than ten thousand troops to fight the Manchus in the Battle of Sarhu 1619, and also defiantly refused to submit to the Qing until they were finally defeated in two invasions (1627, 1636).
However Joseon, devastated from the Imjin War (severe depopulation of entire regions occured during the war, to the point that the entire peninsula lost 66% of its arable land, and 90% of Gyeongsang Province in the southeast lost its arable land). The weakened Koreans were no match for the Manchus, and submitted as a tributary to save themselves.

朝鲜王朝在1619年的萨尔浒战役中派遣了1万多名士兵与满族人作战，以报答明朝的帮助，并勇敢地拒绝向清朝屈服，直到他们在后面的两次入侵（1627,1636）中被击败。
朝鲜在临津战争中遭受重创（战争期间整个地区人口严重减少，整个半岛失去了 66% 的耕地，东南部地区甚至失去了90% 的耕地）。虚弱的朝鲜人不是满人的对手，为了自救而选择了投降。

However, the defiant Joseon court continued to use the Ming Era Calendars (it was ridiculous to the point that even two hundred years after the final Ming Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, the Koreans were still counting the era under his name) and also openly violated the terms under which they surrendered. Also, the Koreans regarded the Manchus are barbarians due to their previous rule over their ancestors during Goguryeo, Balhae and Goryeo. Also making it worse was how some Jurchen tribes were tributaries of the early-mid Joseon era. After the Ming fell, Korea stopped large scale cultural transfers from China.
Now regarding modern Korea, the Japanese colonial period likely had a much more important impact, to the point that modern Koreans and modern Japanese are much more similar. The Colonial Period left a lasting legacy in the behavior of Koreans, this, plus Chinese divergence due to Maoism + the Cultural Revolution, meant that both Korea and Japan kept more of the “tradition or antiquated” depending on your viewpoint, cultural norms.

然而，不服的朝鲜朝廷继续使用明历（荒谬的是，即使在明朝最后一个崇祯皇帝上吊自杀两百年后，朝鲜人仍在使用他的年号），还公然违反他们向清朝投降的条件。此外，一些女真部落是朝鲜时代早期-中期的支流，朝鲜人认为满人是野蛮人。明朝灭亡后，朝鲜停止了来自中国的大规模文化转移。
现在对于现代韩国来说，日本殖民时期可能产生了更重要的影响，以至于现代韩国人和现代日本人更加相似。殖民时期在韩国人的行为中留下了持久的遗产，加上中国近代的。。。导致的分歧，意味着韩国和日本都保留了更多相似的“传统或历史”，当然这取决于您的观点和文化水平。

Also, Japan attempted to assimilate Korea into the Emprie, and by assimilate, I mean the type of assimilation England did to Scotland. Actually, Imperial Japanese leaders literally made this comparsion and even claimed they were “one people.” While the Koreans and Japanese have always been culturally and genetically close, they are not the same people, but that did not stop Japanese leaders from that era from trying. As a result, many cultural similarities such as cuisine, language and mentality were reinforced. While much were later reversed, their legacy remains regardless especially amongst older generations.

此外，日本试图将韩国同化为日本帝国的一部分，我所说的同化是指英格兰对苏格兰所做的同化。实际上，日本帝国领导人确实进行了一定的参考，甚至声称他们是“一个民族”。虽然韩国人和日本人在文化和基因上一直很接近，但他们不是同一民族，但这并没有阻止那个时代的日本领导人的尝试。因此，许多文化相似性，如烹饪、语言和心态得到了加强。虽然后来很多事情都被逆转了，但他们的遗产依然存在，尤其是在老一代中。

Bowing is very widespread in Korean and Japanese culture, moreso in Japan than Korea. Chinese also engage in bowing, but for much more formal occasions as from what I understand handshakes are more common in China.
Overview of etiquette in Japan Etiquette in Japan forms common societal expectations of social behavior practiced throughout the nation of Japan. The etiquette of Japan has changed greatly over the millennia as different civilizations influenced its culture. Modern Japanese etiquette has a strong influence from that of China and the Western world , but retains many of its unique traditional elements.Additionally, a lot of Korean and Japanese companies have titanic weight in their respective nations, Korea though is the more infamous of the two due to the Chaebols lopsided economic weight over the ROK economy. Also, Korea and Japan are pretty similar nowadays in that they are both democracies (ROK is a Presidential Republic, Japan is a Constitutional Parliamentary Monarchy) both are known for having spearheaded the internet revolution during the 2000s that has a lasting impact to this day, and finally both are progenitors of widespread soft power through Anime, K-Drama, K-Pop and Manga.

鞠躬在韩国和日本文化中非常普遍，在日本比在韩国更普遍。中国人也会鞠躬，但据我所知，在更正式的场合，握手在中国更常见。
几千年来，随着不同文明对其文化的影响，日本的礼仪发生了巨大变化。现代日本礼仪深受中国和西方世界的影响，但保留了许多独特的传统元素。
此外，许多韩国和日本公司在各自国家拥有巨大的影响力，但由于财阀对韩国经济的经济影响力，导致韩国在这两个国家中声名狼藉。此外，韩国和日本如今非常相似，因为它们都是民主国家（韩国是总统共和制，日本是议会君主立宪制）都以在 2000 年代引领互联网革命而闻名，这种革命至今仍具有持久影响，最后，两者都是通过动漫、影视、韩流和漫画广泛传播软实力。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Also weird side note, North Korea is interesting in that it was engaged in its own weird version of cultural genocide, specifically against the Chinese influence on Korea. They have removed Hanja (Chinese characters, its kind of like the Latin of East Asia nowadays) from a significant portion of the North Korean vocabulary (to the point that it sounds really weird sometimes when I hear Northern Korean). As well as pretending that China never influenced Korean history.

同样奇怪的是，朝鲜很有趣，因为它参与了自己的奇怪版本的种族灭绝，特别是针对中国对朝鲜的影响。他们已经把汉字（汉字，有点像现在东亚的拉丁语）从朝鲜的大部分词汇中移除（当我听到朝鲜语时，有时听起来真的很奇怪）。以及假装中国从未影响过韩国的历史。

Anyhow, a summed answer is that historical Koreans (at least the nobility) were similar to historical Chinese (due to China’s influence on Korean culture), and that modern Koreans and modern Japanese are more similar to each other than to the Chinese. Now I await angry outraged answers from Chinese Wumaos, Korean ultranationalists and Japanese fascists in the comments.

总之，一个概括的答案是，历史上的韩国人（至少是贵族）与历史上的中国人相似（由于中国对韩国文化的影响），而现代韩国人和现代日本人彼此之间的相似之处比中国人更多。现在，我在评论中等待中国的五毛、韩国极端民族主义者和日本法西斯主义者愤怒的回答。

Roseanne Park
Chinese culture has had a great impact in many areas of Korean culture, including arts, written language, religion, and government administration, with Koreans molding these Chinese models into distinctly Korean forms.During its classical period, Japan was highly influenced by Chinese culture. The influence of Buddhism, Confucianism, and other elements of Chinese culture had a profound impact on the development of Japanese culture.

中国文化对韩国文化的许多领域产生了巨大影响，包括艺术、文字、宗教和政府管理，韩国人将这些中国模式塑造成独特的韩国形式。
日本在古典时期深受中国文化的影响。佛教、儒家等中国文化元素的影响对日本文化的发展产生了深远的影响。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

HS Kim
This question can be confusing because it can be either about South or North Korea. But if you’re asking about Korea as a whole, before the division of the Korean War, the answer would be ‘China.’ (No surprise there)One thing I realized about people asking about Korean history is that they begin with an impression that Korea was ALWAYS a small nation stuck between its bigger neighbors that is China and Japan and that Korea was probably always at the receiving end of whatever action those two nations make.In reality, Japan was the youngest to emerge as a full country among the two, its full unified power as one nation came to be only after the Warring States period around 16th century. Up until then, it was usually Korea that passed along what they chose to learn from China, as well as Korea’s own goods like pottery. Thus, if you’re asking about ancient history, the cultural influence flowed from China to Korea to Japan, never the other way around.
But if you’re asking about modern history that starts from 20th century, it is definitely Japan, being the first to successfully westernize itself and succeeded in colonizing Korea. Many of Korea’s early western experience came through Japan (and the missionaries inbetween).On the other hand, despite Japan’s vigorous efforts to Japan-ize Korea by banning the language, burning history books and others, 36 years was indeed too short a time to scrap the 4,300 years of Korean history altogether and whatever Japanese influence in cultural terms have largely been erased nowadays. Certain vocabularies or old habits do linger on but too shallow compared to China’s profound influence such as philosophy (Confucianism etc.,), art, language and many others that formed a great part of ancient Korean identity.

这个问题可能会令人困惑，因为它可能与韩国或朝鲜有关。但如果你问的是整个朝鲜，在朝鲜战争分裂之前，答案将是“中国”。（这并不奇怪）
我意识到人们询问朝鲜历史的一件事是，他们一开始的印象是，朝鲜总是一个小国，夹在中国和日本这两个更大的邻国之间，而且无论这两个国家采取什么行动，韩国可能总是处于被动的接受端。
实际上，日本是其中最年轻的一个国家，它作为一个完整统一的国家力量是在16世纪左右的战国时期之后才出现的。在此之前，通常是朝鲜将他们选择向中国学习的东西以及朝鲜自己的陶器等商品传递过去。因此，如果你问的是古代历史，文化影响是从中国流向朝鲜再到日本，而不是相反。
但如果要问从20世纪开始的近代史，那肯定是日本，第一个成功地进行了西化，成功地殖民了朝鲜。朝鲜早期的许多西方经验来自日本（以及其间的传教士）。另一方面，尽管日本通过禁止语言、焚烧历史书籍等，大力推动朝鲜日本化，但36年的时间确实太短了，无法将朝鲜4300年的历史全部抹杀。任何日本在文化方面的影响现在已经很大程度上被抹去了。某些词汇或旧习惯确实仍然存在，但与中国的深远影响，如哲学（儒家思想等）、艺术、语言和许多其他构成古代朝鲜人身份的重要组成部分的东西相比，它们的影响还是太浅了。

Im Yang Gyoon
Is Korea more influenced by China or Japan?There is an undeniable fact in the history of mankind around the world.It is the fact that human migration moved from continents to peninsulas and from peninsulas to islands.And the same goes for the spread of culture.Korea was not influenced by China, it was influenced by mainland China The reason is that there are only a few Chinese dynasties in the history of China.It is a short period in the entire history Therefore, it is true that Korea was influenced by mainland China, but...Not 100% Chinese InfluencedIt was also influenced by other ethnic groups that ruled China.I don't think it's worth answering the question of whether Korea was influenced by Japan.This question is a question that goes against the history of mankind.

韩国受中国影响更大还是受日本影响更大？
世界人类历史上有一个不可否认的事实。事实上，人类迁徙从大陆迁移到半岛，从半岛迁移到岛屿。文化的传播也是如此。韩国不是受中国影响，而是受中国大陆影响，原因是中国历史上只有少数几个朝代影响了朝鲜，这在整个历史中是一个短暂时期，所以，韩国确实受到了中国大陆的影响，但是……不是 100% 受中国影响。
它还受到统治中国的其他民族的影响，我认为不值得回答韩国是否受到日本影响的问题。这是一个与人类历史发展背道而驰的问题。

Wolfgang Zoellner
In the past, Chinese culture came from China to Korea and from Korea to Japan.After Japanese occupation in 1910, modern technic came from Japan to Korea. Even if one could say the Japanese brought modern technic to Korea mainly to make Korea a springbord to invade China, they could not prevent Koreans to learn how to use modern technology, as the Japanese used Korea as their extended workbench too. They needed Korean workers to run their economy during WW2, especially at Japan’s huge military plant at Konan near the city of Hamhung. Have in mind that Park Jung-Hee, the founder of the South Korean economic miracle, was a Japanese officer based in Manchuria in those times.
Two Koreans, Yi Sung-ki und Yo Kyong-ku, became atomic scientist at Kyoto University and helped to develop Japanese atomic bomb at the end of WW2. In 1965 both founded North Korea’s nuclear scientific institute at the North Korean city of Hamhung, where the North Korean atomic bomb was designed.Therefor the technical influence of Japan for both Koreas is evident. But politically, after WW2 North Korea was more influenced by Mao’s China. The personality cult of the Kim Dynasty is a mad copy of Mao’s personality cult. Japan probably had some influence on North Korea’s movie industry. While North Korea became a extended work bench for Communist China.After Deng Xiao-Ping came to power, South Korea normalized its connections to Mainland China and for 20 years mainly influenced the modernisation of the Chinese industry.

过去，中国文化从中国传到朝鲜，从朝鲜传到日本。
1910年日本占领朝鲜半岛后，现代技术从日本传入朝鲜。虽然可以说日本人将现代技术带到朝鲜主要是为了让朝鲜成为入侵中国的跳板，但他们无法阻止朝鲜人学习如何使用现代技术，因为日本人也将朝鲜作为他们的扩张后的一部分。二战期间，他们需要朝鲜的工人来经营他们的经济，特别是在日本的大型军事工厂。请记住，韩国经济奇迹的创始人朴正熙当时是一名驻满洲的日本军官。
两个朝鲜人Yi Sung-ki 和 Yo Kyong-ku还成为京都大学的原子科学家，并在二战快结束时帮助日本研制原子弹。1965年，两人在朝鲜成立了朝鲜核科学研究所，朝鲜原子弹就是在这里设计的。
因此，日本对朝韩的技术影响是显而易见的。但在政治上，二战后朝鲜更受毛主席的影响。金王朝的个人崇拜是对。。疯狂复制，日本可能对朝鲜的电影业产生了一些影响。。邓小平上台后，韩国与中国大陆的关系正常化，20年来主要影响了中国工业的现代化。