据历史记载，是否有被军事彻底消灭的国家?（上）
Was there a nation in recorded history that was completely wiped out militarily?
译文简介
有很多，抛开许多城市国家被从地图上抹去不谈，我们只谈更大的国家，在他们的时代相当于第一或第二梯队的力量
正文翻译
Was there a nation in recorded history that was completely wiped out militarily?
据历史记载，是否有被军事彻底消灭的国家?
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Many, I’m not going to attempt to avoid just rambling off the MANY city states that were wiped off the map and just go with larger nations that, in their day would’ve been the equivalent of a first or second tier power (so, in their time this would’ve been like France, Britain, the US, Russia, Japan, etc. being conquered or having their governments dissolved and populations decimated)
The Hittite Empire
Challenged only really by the Egyptians at the height of their power in 1340 BCE, the New Hittite Empire centered around Hattusa (pictured above) could easily be called a Bronze Age super power
This wouldn’t last however, an in 1200 BCE, a mere 100 years after it’s height the Hittites would be struck by numerous conflicts eventually having their Capital of Hattusa destroyed by invading Kaskians. This would lead to the empire eventually dissolving into two groups, the Luwains and Arameans.. both of which were later conquered by the New Assyrian empire in the 9th Century BCE, thus marking the end of anything that could be referred to as Hittite civilization.
有很多，抛开许多城市国家被从地图上抹去不谈，我们只谈更大的国家，在他们的时代相当于第一或第二梯队的力量（所以，在他们的时代，就像今天的法国、英国、美国、俄罗斯、日本等国被征服，或者他们的政府被解散，人口被屠杀）。
1.赫梯帝国
新赫梯帝国以哈图萨为中心，只在公元前1340年埃及权力鼎盛时期受到挑战，可以很容易地被称其为青铜时代的超级大国。
然而，这并没有持续多久，在公元前1200年，在它达到顶峰仅仅100年后，赫梯人遭受了无数的冲突，最终他们的首都哈图萨被卡斯基人（Kaskians）的入侵所摧毁。这导致帝国最终分裂为两个集团，卢温（Luwains）和亚兰（Arameans）。这两个地方后来都在公元前9世纪被新亚述帝国征服，从而标志着任何可以被称为赫梯文明的终结。
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Carthage, for a time, was the pre-dominant naval power in the Mediterranean Sea and was an active rival of Rome for dominance in the region even invading the Italian mainland… with elephants.. over the Alps no less…
Carthage got it’s start around the year 814 BCE as a Phoenician colony eventually becoming independent in 650 BCE and then a Republic in 480 BC. Carthage was eventually destroyed by Rome in the 3rd Punic War.. during the debates held in the Roman senate before the war, Roman Senator Cato was known to say “Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam” ("Furthermore, I consider that Carthage must be destroyed"). Cato would get his wish in 146 BCE when Carthage was conquered, sacked, and destroyed by Rome. Legend has it, that after burning the city to the ground, the Romans salted the fields so that nothing could ever grow there again (this is just a legend though and we have no actual proof of the Romans doing this.)
2. 迦太基帝国
有一段时间，迦太基是地中海的主要海军力量，也是罗马争夺该地区统治权的主要对手，它甚至用大象入侵过意大利本土，乃至越过阿尔卑斯山脉……
迦太基大约始于公元前814年，是腓尼基的殖民地，最终在公元前650年独立，然后在公元前480年成为共和国。迦太基最终在第三次迦太基战争中被罗马摧毁。在战前罗马参议院的辩论中，罗马参议员卡托曾说过“Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam”（ 此外，我认为迦太基必须被摧毁）。公元前146年，迦太基被罗马征服、洗劫和摧毁，卡托如愿以偿。传说中，罗马人把这座城市夷为平地后，就在土地上撒盐，这样那里就再也种不出庄稼了(这只是个传说，我们并没有罗马人这样做的实际证据)。
Ah Rome, the city of seven hills, the road builders, civilization incarnate, world conquerors. What can be said that hasn’t already been said countless times about this civilization? Well, for the purposes of it being on this list, you know why I’m mentioning it.. and no it’s not about how the Romans had industrial scale mining, aqueducts that still work to this day (and continue to feed fountains in the modern city), roads that seem to hold up better than their modern equivalents, running water in their cities, or bathed regularly.. though all of that is impressive.. It’s about how in 476AD after successive raids, by Visigoths, vandals, and other such “barbarians” the Western Roman empire was overthrown in a Coup, the new Kingdom of Italy was raided again by the Visigoths with the Coup leader Odoacer being killed by the invading Visigoths marking the end of any semblance of a sovereign Roman state in Italy (we’ll get to that other sovereign Roman State in Anatolia in a minute ).
3.罗马（西）
啊，罗马，七山之城，修路者，文明的化身，世界的征服者。关于这个文明，还有什么可以说而又没有被无数次提及的呢? 好吧，为了把它列在这个列表上，你知道我为什么提到它。不，我不是要讲关于罗马人如何进行大规模的工业开采，直到今天还在使用的水渠（继续为现代城市的喷泉提供水源），道路似乎比现代的同类设施更坚固，城市里有自来水，经常洗澡。尽管以上这一切都令人印象深刻。
我要讲的是，公元476年，西罗马帝国是如何在西哥特人、汪达尔人和其他“野蛮人”的连续袭击后，在一场政变中被推翻的，新成立的意大利王国是如何再次遭到西哥特人的袭击，政变领袖奥多亚塞被入侵的西哥特人杀害，标志着意大利的罗马主权国家的终结(稍后我们会讲到在安纳托利亚的另一个罗马主权国家)。
Persia under the Sassanids existed from 224 - 651 AD with it’s capitol in Ctesiphon (which is in modern day Iraq); this marks it as the longest running continuous Persian dynasty. It was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in 651 AD after exhausting most of their resources fighting the Roman Empire (Byzantines) that wasn’t conquered…. yet… they’re coming hold on.
4.波斯（特别是萨珊帝国）
萨珊王朝时期的波斯存在于公元224 - 651年，其都城在Ctesiphon(即今天的伊拉克);这标志着它是历史最悠久的波斯王朝。在耗尽了他们的大部分资源而没能征服罗马帝国(拜占庭)后，帝国命运悄然降临……公元651年被Rashidun哈里发国征服。
The Eastern Roman Empire AKA the Byzantine Empire lasted a good 959 years longer than it’s Western half, falling to Turkish forces in 1435, thus marking the end of an independent Roman state anywhere in the world.
History is littered with the bones of dead nations and peoples, those cultures that were absorbed, annihilated, and conquered by others. These are just a few examples in history where it could be argued the cultures of these nations as well as their political identities were wiped out. Some, like Persia, saw a revival.. others like Rome, Carthage, and the Hittites did not. Conquest is, unfortunately, a natural and re-occurring part of the human story.
5.拜占庭帝国
东罗马帝国，也就是拜占庭帝国，比西罗马帝国多持续了959年，于1435年被突厥军队击败，从而标志着世界上一个独立的罗马国家的终结。
历史上到处都是消逝的国家和民族的尸骨，这些文化被其他国家吸收、湮灭和征服。这些只是历史上的几个例子，可以认为这些国家的文化以及他们的政治身份被抹去了。有些国家，如波斯，看到了复兴。罗马、迦太基和赫梯人则不然。不幸的是，征服是人类历史中一个自然且反复发生的部分。
“Wiped out” generally connotes a much more limited meaning than this post.
The Romans - West and East - were never “wiped out”.
“wipe out（抹除/消灭）”的含义通常比这篇文章要有限得多。
而罗马人，包括东罗马和西罗马——从未被“抹除”。
Yes, wiped out would be more like the Khwarezmian Empire that made the mistake of messing with Genghis Khan.
是的，被消灭更像是花剌子模帝国，错误地与成吉思汗交战。
Exactly. Greeks in the Ottoman Empire were called Rum, meaning, Roman Greeks. Sure, the empire fell, but not necessarily the identity of the people. As Michael Robinson stated, a better example of being wiped out is the Khwarezmian Empire.
完全正确。奥斯曼帝国的希腊人被称为“朗姆”，意思是罗马的希腊人。当然，帝国衰落了，但民众的身份则不一定。正如Michael Robinson所说，花剌子模帝国是一个被消灭的更好的例子。
Wiped out could actually mean either being subject of a genocide and having the DNA dexed, or being asimilated by others and merging DNA with theirs. Romans were not subject of genocide, but they definitively were assimilated. And likely no nation was ever completely wiped out (dexed DNA from human gene pool) because some beautiful women always survive and mate with the victors. Even the neanderthals.
实际上，被消灭可能意味着要么成为种族灭绝的对象，DNA被删除，要么被其他人同化，与他们的DNA合并。
罗马人没有遭受种族灭绝，但他们肯定被同化了。很可能没有一个国家被完全消灭过(从人类基因库中删除了DNA)，因为一些漂亮的女人总是能活下来并与胜利者交配。甚至尼安德特人也是如此。
Lets not forget New World examples of the Aztec and Incan Empires, wiped out militarily by the Spanish and their populations assimilated into new Mestizo/Hispanic peoples.
让我们不要忘记新世界的阿兹特克和印加帝国的例子，他们在军事上被西班牙人消灭了，他们的人口被同化成新的混血儿/西班牙人。
The Islamic Persian empires were very much the same nation as the Sassanids and Achaemenids, conversion to Islam didn’t change that.
伊斯兰波斯帝国与萨珊王朝和阿契美尼德王朝是同一民族，皈依伊斯兰教并没有改变这一点。
If you mean nations that have suffered complete extermination as a result of military conquest, that is extremely rare. In most cases, conquerors assimilate the larger part of the new population, setting themselves up as the new ruling class but just as frequently adopting local customs as adding their own. Even where substantial massacres have occurred, there is also some degree of population intermixing.
There are a few examples where genocides have been almost total. Some of these have been covered in other answers, but there are a number that I couldn't see mentioned.
One case was the Moriori, a pacifist group of islanders who are the original inhabitants of the Chatham islands. They were invaded by a group of the Maori of New Zealand, who sadly were decidedly non-pacifist.
如果你指的是那些由于军事征服而遭受彻底灭绝的国家，那是极其罕见的。在大多数情况下，征服者同化了大部分的新人口，把自己建立为新的统治阶级，但经常采用当地的风俗习惯，就像增加自己的风俗习惯一样。即使在发生大规模屠杀的地方，也有一定程度的人口混合。
有几个例子表明种族灭绝几乎总是会发生。其中一些已经在其他答案中提到，但有一些数字我没有看到提到。
一个例子是莫里奥里人（Moriori），这是一个和平主义的岛民团体，他们是查塔姆群岛（位于新西兰）的原始居民。他们遭到了新西兰一群毛利人的侵略，不幸的是，这些毛利人肯定是非和平主义者。
The ensuing massacres and enslavement of the Moriori led to their effective extinction as a culture within a few generations.
On a larger scale, the Russians, in the aftermath of the Russo-Circassian war, launched an ethnic cleansing that killed or expelled up to 97% of the Circassian population. The genocides of the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas are an almost candidate for this list.
当地的莫里奥里部落首领曾讨论过反击，但最终认为这违背了他们的文化。
随后对莫里奥里人的屠杀和奴役导致了他们作为一种文化在几代人之内的灭绝。
比这规模更大的，俄罗斯人在俄-切尔克斯战争之后，发动了一场种族清洗，杀死或驱逐了多达97%的切尔克斯人。
哥伦布之前的美洲民族的种族灭绝几乎是这个名单的候选者。
Stretching further back into history, the Mongols campaigns through Asia wiped out up to 11% of the world's entire population. While not nations per se, Nishapur and Merv were amongst the world's largest cities at the time. In both cases both historical narratives and archeological record suggest that they were wiped out pretty much wholesale.
Earlier even than the unfortunate inhabitants of Nishapur and Merv, the Pechenegs were a semi nomadic Turkic people, who maintained a moderately large kingdom north of the black sea.
毫无疑问，有很多较小的部落和社会群体被大规模地消灭了，美洲的殖民化也许是历史上最全面的土著人口置换。
追溯更久远的历史，蒙古人在亚洲发动的战争消灭了世界上11%的人口。虽然尼沙布尔（伊朗地名）和梅尔夫（土库曼地名）本身不是国家，但当时是世界上最大的城市之一。历史叙述和考古记录都表明，它们几乎全部被消灭了。
更早的时候，比尼沙布尔和梅尔夫的居民更不幸的是佩切涅格人，他们是半游牧的突厥人，他们在黑海北部维持着一个中等规模的王国。
他们原本是拜占庭的盟友，却错误地背叛了之前的盟友。由于相信拜占庭人在曼奇科特的惨败削弱了他们的力量，一只庞大的佩切纳格军队穿过巴尔干半岛向拜占庭帝国袭来。不幸的是，拜占庭王座被非常能干的皇帝阿历克西奥一世夺去。1091年，佩切纳格在列乌尼翁战役中惨败。随后与库曼人和拜占庭人的战斗使他们沦为分散的社区，最终被匈牙利人和保加利亚人吸收，佩切纳格语和文化也被遗忘。
值得庆幸的是，虽然我们经历了一些令人厌恶的战争和种族灭绝，但到目前为止，21世纪还没有任何一件事比这些事件的规模更大。
Not to diminish the brutal impact of European colonisation on the Americas, but a high proportion of the deaths of the native people was caused by the imported illnesses rather than by military action.
I note the comment about smallpox infected blankets being deliberately introduced to North American Indians, but most of the disease introductions seem to have been accidental rather than premeditated. Recent research has suggested that the population of Amazonian tribes collapsed by as much as 95% after the arrival of Europeans even though no large scale military or settler incursions occurred at the time.
我要说的并不是为了洗白欧洲殖民者对美洲的残酷影响，而是土著居民的大部分死亡是由输入的疾病而不是军事行动造成的。
我注意到关于天花感染的毯子被故意引入北美印第安人的评论，但大多数疾病的引入似乎是偶然的，而不是有预谋的。最近的研究表明，在欧洲人到来后，亚马逊部落的人口减少了95%，尽管当时没有发生大规模的军事或定居者入侵。
Yes, that's true. I'd not originally included it in the answer, but then decided that the disease casualties and the military conquest of the Americas were sufficiently intertwined to justify it.
是的,这是对的。我一开始并没有把它包含在答案中，但后来我认为，疾病的伤亡人数和对美洲的军事征服是紧密联系在一起的。
The lazy use of “European diseases” is frustrating. There was and is no European disease as they we always had global diseases spreading around the world. We seem to forget that the Black death was only 4 or so generations before the discovery of the Americas and Asian and European cities were decimated then and repeatedly through time. Isolated communities are always more heavily effected by pandemics and that is why American native communities had a high mortality initially.
一句“欧洲疾病”就把美洲土著的锐减搪塞掉，真是令人沮丧。过去没有，现在也没有欧洲的疾，我们总是有全球性的疾病在世界各地传播。
我们似乎忘记了黑死病在美洲被发现之前只有4代人左右的时间，亚洲和欧洲的城市在那时被大量摧毁，并不断重复。
与世隔绝的社区受到流行病的影响往往更严重，这就是为什么美国土著最初的死亡率很高。
Apparently for the Morioir, there is no living full-blooded individual left. What the Maori did to them was extremely brutal, and this is hard for me to say but it may be the only recorded (no other way to say this) successful genocide of a unmixed people ever in history.
显然，对于莫里奥里人来说，已经没有活人了。毛利人对他们所做的是极其残忍的，这对我来说很难说，但这可能是历史上唯一有记录的成功的种族灭绝一整个民族。
That was an exaggeration invented by colonists to justify killing Māori, and Moriori are alive and well. The NZ Government has apologised on behalf of the Crown. See the lixs in my answer to a related question:
这是殖民者为了证明杀害毛利人的合法性而捏造的夸张说法，而莫里奥里人活得好好的。
新西兰政府已代表王室道歉。请参阅我回答相关问题的链接:略。
Certainly villages. Some smaller kingdoms, maybe. But nations? Doubt it.
The Anatolian kingdoms were conquered militarily many times, Hittites, Lydians, even the so-called ancient “Trojans” (who could’ve been Anatolian Luwians who were close to the Hittites and part of the Hittite Kingdom).
The Anatolians were attacked by Greeks, then Persians, Greeks again, Romans, and then over and over again until the indigenous Anatolian languages died out and their identity was replaced by Greeks. Then later on by the invading Turks who assimilated into the indigenous Anatolian Greek population, and the Western Turkic language of the rulers became the lingua franca of Anatolia and then finally it became the cultural language of Anatolia and its indigenous Anatolian people.
村庄肯定有被彻底摧毁过的。一些小王国兴许也有。至于国家?我对此表示怀疑。
安纳托利亚王国多次被军事征服，赫梯人，吕底亚人，甚至是所谓的古代“特洛伊人”(可能是安纳托利亚的卢维安人，他们与赫梯人关系密切，是赫梯王国的一部分)。
安纳托利亚人遭到了希腊人的攻击，然后是波斯人，希腊人，罗马人，一次又一次的攻击，直到安纳托利亚土著语言灭绝，他们的身份被希腊人取代。后来，入侵的突厥人同化了当地的安纳托利亚希腊人，统治者的西突厥语成为了安纳托利亚的通用语，最后成为了安纳托利亚及其土著人民的文化语言。
But being “wiped out”? As in a nation or kingdom that was totally wiped out in the sense of conquer and then full-on genocide? No, most empires and kingdoms were conquered and their cultural and lingual dominance died out with time. However, conquering a nation and wiping out its native population has mostly come in smaller doses.
今天的土耳其人大多是土生土长的安纳托利亚人，他们与希腊人混合超过2500年，对希腊语、希腊文化和希腊身份的认同至少有2000年的历史。但后来他们被突厥人入侵，突厥人又被人口更多的安纳托利亚人同化，但他们的语言成为该地区的文化语言。
至于“被消灭”?就像一个国家或王国在征服的意义上被彻底消灭，然后是全面的种族灭绝?不，大多数帝国和王国都被征服了，他们的文化和语言优势随着时间的推移而消失。然而，征服一个国家并消灭其原住民的行动大多都是小规模的。
‘The Anatolians were attacked by Greeks’. Greeks were never conquerors nor attacked foreign areas. Its no wonder most cities in the region of Anatolia are of Greek origin. A Greek would argue about Greeks conquering Anatolian regions, because Greeks existed well before any other kingdoms eisted in Anatolia.
“安纳托利亚人遭到希腊人的攻击。“
希腊人从未征服或攻击过国外地区。
“安纳托利亚地区的大多数城市都起源于希腊。“
希腊人会为希腊人是否征服过安纳托利亚地区而争论，因为希腊人在安纳托利亚其他王国出现之前就已经存在了。
Don’t you consider the Ancient Macedonians as Greeks? They certainly conquered lands that they were not originally from.
Don’t you consider the Eastern Romans who were Greek-speaking to be Greek? Because they most certainly ruled eastern parts of Anatolia and Asia Minor where Greeks were certainly not originally from, and they even ruled much of the eastern shores of the Mediterranean (the Levant), they also ruled Mesopotamia, eastern part of North Africa, etc. Are Greeks originally from the eastern parts of Anatolia and Asia Minor? Are they from the Levant, Mesopotamia, Egypt? No, but these were all lands that Byzantine ruled over. And in antiquity Alexander even tried to push his empire to India. And before Alexander, the Greek Achaeans tried to conquer native Anatolian Hittites, read about the “Attarsiya”, my friend. To say that Greeks are “native Anatolians” is a historical joke. The ancient Greeks conquered Anatolia from the native Anatolians and their Anatolian languages died out, and with time Anatolia gradually became Greek in identity. To say otherwise and pretend that Anatolians did not exist is ahistorical.
Your statement is certainly not true, brother. That’s feelings talking, not history.
难道你不认为古代马其顿人也是希腊人吗？他们当然征服了非本土的土地。
难道你不认为说希腊语的东罗马人是希腊人吗? 因为他们确实统治了安纳托利亚和小亚细亚的东部地区，希腊人肯定不是当地土著，他们甚至统治了地中海东部海岸的大部分地区(地中海东部)，他们还统治过美索不达米亚，北非东部等地区。希腊人最初来自安纳托利亚和小亚细亚的东部吗?他们来自黎凡特，美索不达米亚，埃及吗?
不，但这些都曾是拜占庭统治的土地。在古代，亚历山大甚至试图把他的帝国推向印度。在亚历山大之前，希腊的亚该亚人试图征服当地的安纳托利亚赫梯人，我的朋友，阅读关于“Attarsiya”的文章（就知道了）。
说希腊人是“土生土长的安纳托利亚人”是一个历史笑话。古希腊人从当地的安纳托利亚人手中征服了安纳托利亚，他们的安纳托利亚语消失了，随着时间的推移，安纳托利亚逐渐认同希腊身份。假装历史上的安纳托利亚人不存在，是不符合历史的。
你说的肯定不是真的，兄弟。那是感觉，不是历史。