Indian PM Narendra Modi has announced the repeal of three controversial farm laws after a year of protests.

经过一年的抗议，印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪宣布废除三项有争议的农业法。

Thousands of farmers had camped at Delhi's borders since last November and dozens died from heat, cold and Covid.

自去年11月以来，数千名农民在德里边境扎营，并且有数十人死于高温、寒冷和新冠病毒。

Farmers say the laws will allow the entry of private players in farming and that will hurt their income.

农民们表示，法律将允许私营企业进入农业领域，这将损害他们的收入。

Friday's surprise announcement marks a major U-turn as the government had not taken any initiative to talk to farmers in recent months.

周五政府发出的令人意外的声明标志着一个180度的重大转弯，因为政府近几个月来没有采取任何主动与农民谈判的措施。

And Mr Modi's ministers have been steadfastly insisting that the laws were good for farmers and there was no question of taking them back.

莫迪的部长们一直坚定地坚称，这些法律对农民有好处，没有需要撤回这些法律的问题。

Farm unxs are seeing this as a huge victory. But experts say the upcoming state elections in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh - both have a huge base of farmers - may have forced the decision.

农业工会认为这是一个巨大的胜利。但专家表示，旁遮普邦和北方邦即将举行的选举可能是迫使政府做出这一决定的原因。这两个邦都有大量农民。

The announcement on Friday morning came on a day Sikhs - the dominant community in Punjab - are celebrating the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism.

这一消息是在周五早上宣布的，当天，旁遮普邦的主要居民锡克教徒正在庆祝锡克教创始人纳纳克的诞辰。

In his nationally-televised address, Mr Modi said the farm laws were meant to strengthen the small farmers. "But despite several attempts to explain the benefits to the farmers, we have failed. On the occasion of Guru Purab, the government has decided to repeal the three farm laws," he added.

莫迪在全国电视讲话中表示，农业法旨在加强小农户们的力量。“但是，尽管我们多次尝试向农民解释这些好处，但都失败了。在普拉布上师诞辰日之际，政府决定废除三项农业法。”他补充说。

What did the laws offer?

法律带来了什么?

Taken together, they loosened rules around sale, pricing and storage of farm produce - rules that have protected India's farmers from the free market for decades.

总的来说，他们放松了农产品销售、定价和储存方面的规定——几十年来，这些规定一直保护印度农民不受自由市场的影响。

One of the biggest changes was that farmers were allowed to sell their produce at a market price directly to private players - agricultural businesses, supermarket chains and online grocers. Most Indian farmers currently sell the majority of their produce at government-controlled wholesale markets or mandis at assured floor prices (also known as minimum support price or MSP).

最大的变化之一是，农民被允许以市场价格直接向私营企业——农业企业、连锁超市和网上杂货商——出售农产品。目前，大多数印度农民在政府控制的批发市场或曼迪斯上以保证底价(也被称为最低支持价或MSP)出售他们的大部分农产品。

The laws allowed private buyers to hoard food like rice, wheat and pulses for future sales, which only government-authorised agents could do earlier.

法律允许私人买家囤积大米、小麦和豆类等食物，以备将来销售，而这只有政府授权的代理商才能提前做到。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


The reforms, at least on paper, gave farmers the option of selling outside of this so-called "mandi system". But the protesters said the laws would weaken the farmers and allow private players to dictate prices and control their fate. They said the MSP was keeping many farmers going and without it, many of them will struggle to survive.

这些改革，至少在纸面上，让农民可以选择在所谓的“曼迪制度”之外出售。但抗议者表示，这些法律将削弱农民的力量，并允许私营企业控制价格和他们的命运。他们说，MSP让许多农民维持生活，没有它，许多人将难以生存。

They said India's stringent laws around the sale of agricultural produce and high subsidies had protected farmers from market forces for decades and there was no need to change that.

他们表示，印度围绕农产品销售的严格法律和高额补贴几十年来一直保护农民不受市场的影响，这一点不需要改变。

But the government argued that it was time to make farming profitable for even small farmers and the new laws were going to achieve that.

但政府认为，即使是小农户的农业，也是时候让农业盈利了，而新法律将实现这一点。

What has the reaction been?

有什么反应?

Farmers in Punjab and Haryana are celebrating the news, raising flags of victory and distributing sweets. But they say the fight is not over.

旁遮普和哈里亚纳邦的农民正在庆祝这一消息，他们升起胜利的旗帜，分发糖果。但是他们说战斗还没有结束。

"We have no faith in a verbal promise. Unless we see it in writing that the laws have actually been repealed, we will stay here," Raj Singh Chaudhary, a 99-year-old protester, told the BBC's Salman Ravi.

“我们不相信口头承诺。除非我们看到法律真的被废除了，否则我们将留在这里。”99岁的抗议者拉杰·辛格·乔杜里(Raj Singh Chaudhary)告诉BBC的萨尔曼·拉维(Salman Ravi)。

Mr Chaudhary is among hundreds of farmers who have been striking at the Delhi-Ghazipur border for a year.

乔杜里是数百名农民中的一员，他们在德里-加济布尔边境发动了持续一年的抗议。

His view was echoed by Rakesh Tikait, a prominent farmer leader who said they would call off the protest only after the laws were repealed in the winter session of parliament.

他的观点得到了著名农民领袖拉凯什·提凯特(Rakesh Tikait)的赞同。提凯特表示，只有在这些法律在议会冬季会议上被废除后，他们才会取消抗议活动。

Another farmer leader said they needed additional promises from the government around assured prices for their crops to end their protest.
The announcement has stunned political observers as well as those who both support and oppose the laws - many tweeted saying it was a huge victory for the farmers and a "major climbdown" for Mr Modi.

另一位农民领袖说，他们需要政府在保证作物价格方面作出额外承诺，以结束抗议。这项宣布震惊了政治观察人士以及那些支持和反对这项法律的人——许多人在推特上说，这对农民来说是一个巨大的胜利，对莫迪来说是一个“重大让步”。

But some farm leaders and economists who saw merit in the laws have expressed disappointment over their repeal. Anil Ghanwat, head of a farmers' unx in western India, said it was an "unfortunate" decision driven by political considerations.

但一些认为该法案有价值的农场领导人和经济学家对该法案的废除表示失望。印度西部一个农民联盟的负责人阿尼尔·甘瓦特(Anil Ghanwat)表示，出于政治考虑，这是一个“不幸的”决定。

Opposition parties welcomed the decision, with Congress party leader Rahul Gandhi calling it "a win against injustice". And West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee, took to social media to praise farmers and congratulate them.

反对党对这一决定表示欢迎，国大党领袖拉胡尔·甘地称这是“对不公正的胜利”。西孟加拉邦首席部长玛玛塔·班纳吉(Mamata Banerjee)在社交媒体上赞扬并祝贺农民。

BJP members said the decision to repeal the laws had nothing to do with the polls and the decision was taken to end the protest. They did not say if there were plans to bring back the laws in another form later.

人民党成员表示，废除这些法律的决定与投票无关，这一决定是为了结束抗议。他们没有说是否有计划在以后以另一种形式恢复法律。

What led to the repeal?

废除法案的原因是什么?

The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM), an umbrella group of some 40 farmers' unxs, had refused to back down despite appeals from the government to end their protest.

尽管政府呼吁结束他们的抗议活动，但由大约40个农民工会组成的联合组织Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM)拒绝让步。

Farmers continued to block motorways to Delhi through harsh winter and summer months and even through deadly Covid waves. They called for strikes across the country and dozens of them even died due to cold, heat and Covid.

在严酷的冬季和夏季，甚至在致命的新冠疫情期间，农民们继续封锁通往德里的高速公路。他们呼吁在全国范围内进行罢工，数十人甚至因寒冷、高温和新冠肺炎死亡。

The government initially engaged with them and offered to put the laws in abeyance for two years. But after farmers rejected their overtures, the authorities retreated, preferring to go with the wait-and-watch attitude.
But two things changed in the last few months.

政府最初与他们接洽，并提出将该法律搁置两年。但在农民拒绝了他们的提议后，当局后退了，更倾向于采取观望态度。但在过去几个月里，有两件事发生了变化。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


First, the son of a federal minister allegedly drove his car into a group of protesting farmers in Lakhimpur in Uttar Pradesh in early October. He denied the allegation, but was arrested. Eight people, including four farmers and a journalist, were killed in the incident which sparked outrage across the country and put the government on the back foot.

首先，据称，10月初，在北方邦的拉金普尔，一名联邦部长的儿子开车冲撞了一群抗议的农民。他否认了这一指控，但他被逮捕了。包括四名农民和一名记者在内的八人在这起事件中丧生，这一事件在全国范围内引发了愤怒，政府也因此处于不利地位。

Second, PM Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is up against strong regional parties in the upcoming elections in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand and the government knows that angry farmers would hurt the BJP's chances of winning the crucial polls.

其次，在即将到来的旁遮普邦、北方邦和北阿坎德邦的选举中，莫迪总理的印度人民党(BJP)将面临强大的地方政党的挑战，政府知道愤怒的农民会损害印度人民党赢得关键选举的机会。