为什么美国的黑人和白人不住在同一个社区？当然也有黑人住在白人社区，但大多数是被隔离开来的

Holly Helmstetter
If you really don’t know the answer to this, it was arranged by the newly-created FHA (Federal Housing Authority) in 1936. As soldiers came home from WW2 the government offered nearly-free, new houses, to them, to show our appreciation. White people got NICE homes in GREAT locations. Slightly darker people got slightly smaller, less beautiful houses, in less desirable locations. On down it went, till it was supposed to come to the houses for black families. But, instead, the crooks in charge decided to build dreary, cramped apartment buildings for them. The (white) people in charge, pocketed the difference in price. Nowadays, we know those apartment buildings as the Projects. The wealth of a family is in home ownership—-most of the people who got those houses, turned them over at a profit. Black people, who were allowed only to rent, remained at the bottom of the wealth bucket. Look it up in Wikipedia,under “FHA” or “Redlining.” You see, these dear people wanted to make sure the white people’s happiness didn’t get spoiled by very thrifty black people buying houses in white neighborhoods. They marked out the neighborhoods, for the various skin tones, with Hispanics, of course, being fenced in their neighborhoods. THAT is how racism in the U.S. has been perpetuated by the government. Some of the methods they used, now are illegal, but the damage is done. Just go ahead, LOOK it up! But you won’t. You don’t want to be forced to see that racism in our “Free and Equal” nation got established by some rich, powerful white men. Most black people know about this travesty, but I doubt that it’s being taught in school. Heck, they now have eliminated the word “slave” from schoolbooks, and are teaching the subject by just saying that these people “came to help with the crops.”
Oh, God, sometimes I get so angry at white racists. They have done SO much damage, to so many people, and keep getting by with it. I dare you to look up what I told you about the FHA, and come back here and tell everyone the truth. Without some fancy apologizing to defend what was done. And don’t tell me that was in the past, because the effects of it are right here, in the present. And ignorant white people are wondering, “Why do black people live there?”

如果你真的不知道答案，那我告诉你，这是1936年新成立的联邦住房管理局(FHA)安排的。二战结束的士兵们回家后，我们向他们提供了几乎免费的新房子，以表达我们的感激之情。白人在好的地段拥有好的房子。肤色稍深的人得到的是更小、更不漂亮、位置更差的房子。一直延续到现在，黑人就应该拥有更差的房子。但是，白人决定为他们建造沉闷、狭窄的公寓，并且将其中的差价收入囊中。如今，我们把那些公寓楼称为“项目”。一个家庭的财富来自于房屋所有权——大多数人得到了这些房子，并将它们转化为利润。只被允许租房的黑人仍然处于财富的最底层。在维基百科上查一下，在"联邦住房管理局"或"红线"栏
你可以发现，这些亲爱的人们想要确保白人的幸福不会被非常节俭的，在白人社区买房的黑人所破坏。他们为不同肤色的人区分了社区，当然，在他们的社区里，西班牙裔人被围了起来。这就是政府在美国延续种族主义的方式。他们使用的一些方法现在来看是非法的，但这种损害已经造成了。去吧，查一下！但你不会去查。因为你不想被迫看到在我们这个“自由平等”的国家里，种族主义是由一些有钱有势的白人建立起来的。大多数黑人都知道这是一场闹剧，但我怀疑学校里是否有人教过。见鬼，他们现在已经从教科书中删除了“奴隶”这个词，而只是通过说这些人“来帮助种植庄稼”来教授这门学科。
天啊，有时候我对白人种族主义者感到很生气。他们对这么多人造成了这么大的伤害，却还在继续伤害他们。你敢不敢去查一下我跟你说的关于联邦住宅管理局的事，然后回来告诉大家真相。没有什么花哨的道歉来为自己的所作所为辩护。别告诉我那是过去的事，因为它的影响就在这里，就在现在。无知的白人想知道，“为什么黑人住在那里？”

Rose Ann Rook
You are absolutely right, Holly. Well said!

你完全正确，Holly。说得好！

Charlie Collins
I am curious——Did Black vets not share in the GI Bill and the veterans home loans?

我很好奇，难道黑人退伍军人不享受退伍军人法案和退伍军人住房贷款吗？

Cynthia Watkins
On paper, yes they did, but not in real life. My father was a decorated WWII Veteran in the US segregated Army. He was not able to get a VA home loan until I was a teenager (I was born in 1953), in the late 1960’s.

纸面上是这么写的，他们确实这么做了，但在现实生活中并非如此。我父亲在美国种族隔离部队里是一名授勋二战老兵。直到20世纪60年代末，我十几岁时(我出生于1953年)，他才获得了退伍军人事务部的住房贷款。

Reece Dudley
After WWI, GI Benefits were set up to help returning soldiers get settled. But at the time, the rules for accessing those benefits were set up in a way that disqualified people of color from using them. Through out the years the VA has changed its rules so that all service members can access their benefits, but it wasn't always that way.
This is an example of critical race theory education, CRT doesn't teach that white people should be ashamed of their color, it teaches that while things may be different NOW, things set up in the past made it difficult or impossible for people of color to have access. Those plans and decisions made back in the 30s or 40s still form a bases for a lot of things today. Red lining as an example, was set up to separate black communities from white communities, those same basic outlines still make up school zones, polling areas, policing areas, tax bases, all sorts of stuff. So, even though we currently don't force black people into lower income housing, things from the past still define how our neighbors are made up. It's EVERYBODIES responsibility to recognize those things and correct them.

第一次世界大战后，美国设立了GI Benefits来帮助归国士兵安顿下来。但在当时，获取这些福利的规则被设定为剥夺有色人种使用这些福利的资格。这些年来，退伍军人管理局已经改变了规定，以便所有军人都能享受他们的福利，但过去并非如此。这是批判种族理论教育的一个例子，CRT并没有教导白人应该为自己的肤色感到羞耻，它告诉我们，虽然现在的情况可能不同，但过去的情况让有色人种很难或不可能接触到。那些在30年代或40年代做出的计划和决定仍然是今天许多规则的基础。以红线为例，它是用来区分黑人社区和白人社区的，同样的基本轮廓仍然区分了学校区，投票区，警戒区，课税标准等等。所以，即使我们现在不强迫黑人住进低收入住房，过去的事情仍然决定了我们的邻居是如何组成的。认识并改正这些错误是每个人的责任。

Captain
Cuz the white people don't want to get ripped off and robbed and property value sink that sounds really bad but that's the way a lot of people think

因为白人不想被抢劫，不想财产贬值，这听起来很糟糕，但这是很多人的想法

Therese Van Arsdale
Many people have cited cultural preference as the reason this is so but it only part of the reason and in my opinion the least part. Perhaps they are being optimist. The segregation of American living spaces was made systematically through local, state, and Federal programs. Beginning in 1934, faced with a housing shortage the federal, government decided to step in but the only way they could get the powerful Southern Democrats on board was to write segregation into the rules. Thus when housing projects, built for middle classed and lower middle class families, went up there were white projects and black projects. Local and state laws allowed restrictive covenants that did not permit the house or land to ever be sold to black people, Jewish people, and people from certain ethnicities. The governments further reinforced these rules through redlining where neighbourhoods were graded on a system ranging from “best” (coloured light blue) to worst coloured red on the maps. The best neighbourhoods were the mostly white suburbs while red sections were in the older parts of inner cities. Black people were corralled into the red neighbourhoods. Many people like my grandfather, a pharmacist in Detroit, saw the neighbourhood where he owned a house and a business grow more and more black, therefore less and less desirable over time. This is just one story in the tale of how segregation has effected the American housing markets. In newer places, usually in the West, this is much less so. Therefore redlining plays at least as much a role as cultural preference does, most likely more since many black professionals tried to move after The Fair Housing Act but found that they still couldn’t find housing.

许多人将文化偏好作为其中的原因，但这只是部分原因，在我看来也是最不重要的原因。也许他们是乐观主义者。美国人生活空间的隔离是通过地方、州和联邦计划系统地进行的。从1934年开始，面对住房短缺，联邦政府决定介入，但他们能让强大的南方民主党人参与进来的唯一方法就是将种族隔离写入规则。因此，当为中产阶级和中产阶级下层家庭建造的住房项目建成时，就有白人项目和黑人项目的区分了。地方和州法律允许限制性契约，不允许将房屋或土地出售给黑人、犹太人和某些种族的人。政府进一步加强了这些规定，在地图上用“最好”(浅蓝色)到“最差”(红色)的体系给街区划上红线。最好的社区大多是白人社区，而红色区域则位于内城的老城区。黑人被赶进了红色社区。我的祖父是底特律的一名药剂师，很多人和他一样，看到他拥有一套房子和一家公司的社区变得越来越黑，因此随着时间的推移越来越不受欢迎。这只是种族隔离如何影响美国房地产市场的其中一个故事。在较新的地方，通常是在西部地区，情况就不那么严重了。因此，红线的作用至少和文化偏好一样重要，最有可能的原因是，许多黑人职业人士在《公平住房法案》出台后试图搬家，但发现仍然找不到住房。

Rose Ann Rook
I can attest to this. I’m white, and was moving to a 60% black city in the late 90s. I went through a rental business. While looking at a map of the city, the white girl leaned toward me, looked behind her to see if her black co worker was in the room; when the co worker left the room, she looked back at me, circled a small area on my map, and said this is where I want to go. Pretty overt, wouldn’t you say?

我可以证明这一点。我是白人，在90年代末搬到一个黑人占60%的城市。我做过租赁生意。在看城市地图的时候，那个白人女孩向我靠过来，回头看看她的黑人同事是否在房间里；当同事离开房间时，她回头看了看我，在我的地图上圈了一小块区域，说这就是我想去的地方。很明显，你说呢？

Therese Van Arsdale
Oh my! And people say this doesn’t happen anymore.

噢我的天！人们说这种事不会再发生了。

Holly Helmstetter
This is the problem. White people don’t learn about this. Their families developed the family’s wealth by selling their first homes at a profit, or borrowing against it to start a business. People wonder, why didn’t black people insist on houses instead of apartments, but in those days discrimination against them was part of virtually everything.
Unfortunately, it is not as much better today as you might think. Although poor white families now can live in the apartments built for black families back then, most people think of them in a derogatory way. If a child is asked where they live, and they say “Oakwood Homes,” the person who asked will say in a damping voice, “Oh, you mean the Projects.” For the Projects are given nice sounding official names, but it’s still the Projects. White people generally think that living in the Projects is another example of black people getting a handout—special treatment—and don’t realize that if they’d been treated fairly, the would have had a family home that actually belonged to them.
In some places, the Projects are well-managed. Once a year, there’s an inspection, and each apartment gets examined closely for any tiny stain or flaw. The window casements have to have the window tracks cleaned like new, with bleach on a Q-tip. Anyplace there’s a stain on the wall, it has to be painted. Everything is brought to like-new condition. Of course, this work is done by the tenant, but it does keep standards up.
On the other hand, it’s still a small, cramped apartment, a dreary location and if you live there everyone knows you’re poor. Part of the things people say about black people, poverty and (although it may not be so) filth. The children who live there feel the disapproval and rejection, and the stigma stays with them all their lives. It’s a “gift that keeps on giving,” but not one that gives something that’s valued.
If only their grandparents had gotten a nice little house, that they could have added onto, or sold to buy a better one!

这就是问题所在。白人不知道这些，他们的家族通过出售第一套房子获利，或借债创业来积累家族财富。人们想知道，为什么黑人不坚持要房子，却住在公寓里，但在那个年代，对他们的歧视几乎无处不在。
不幸的是，今天的情况并没有你想的那么好。尽管贫穷的白人家庭现在可以住在当时为黑人家庭建造的公寓里，但大多数人对他们的看法是贬损的。如果问一个孩子他们住在哪里，他们说“奥克伍德住宅”，问他的人会用一种令人沮丧的声音说，“哦，你是说那些项目。” 因为这些项目都有听起来不错的官方名称，但它仍然是项目。白人通常认为，住在Projects区是黑人得到施舍的一个标志——特殊待遇——他们没有意识到，如果他们得到公平对待，他们就会拥有真正属于他们的家庭住宅。
在一些地方，这些项目管理良好。每年有一次检查，每一套公寓都要仔细检查，看有没有任何微小的污点或瑕疵。窗户的窗轨必须清洗的像新的一样，棉签上有漂白剂。只要墙上有污点，就得刷干净。一切都恢复到新的状态。当然，这项工作是由租户完成的，但它确实保持了标准。
另一方面，它仍然是一个小而狭窄的公寓，一个沉闷的位置，如果你住在那里，每个人都知道你是穷人。人们对黑人的评价，贫穷和(尽管可能并非如此)肮脏。住在那里的孩子们会感到得不到赞成，经常被拒绝，这种耻辱会伴随他们一生。这是一个“不断给予的礼物”，但不是给予有价值的东西。
要是他们的祖父母有个漂亮的小房子就好了，他们就可以住进去，或者卖掉买一个更好的！

Cynthia Watkins
You are absolutely right, Holly. Thank you for posting this.

你完全正确，Holly，谢谢你张贴这篇文章。

Dugg
partially correct but people reside where they feel safe, comfortable. thats why they leave when they have somewhere else that is better — if the can.

部分正确，但人们住在他们觉得安全舒适的地方。这就是为什么当他们有了更好的地方——如果可能的话——他们就会离开的原因。

Howard Galt
It greatly depends on where you live n the United States. The article mainly talked about older cities where this is still true. Before the 1950s, the custom in the United States was for people to live in neighborhoods with people of their own ethnicity. What gets lost by most people from other countries (and younger Americans) was that this was not just a black/white thing. It was an every type of person thing.
When I was young, my great=grandparents lived in a town where every person came from the no longer existing country of Bohemia. Some street signs were written in the Czech language. About five miles away was a town where you were more likely to hear people speaking Polish than English. There was also a French town, a German town, a English/Irish town, a Norwegian town, a couple of Dutch villages and a Finnish town within a 100 mile radius. BTW— Only the English, French and Germans were considered “white.” Workers of Guatemalan and Mexican descent worked in the fields but usually went to warmer climates in the winter time. There was an all Black town about 150 miles away. Where I lived it was villages and towns. In large cities like Detroit, Philadelphia and Chicago, it was neighborhoods. Look at a map of Chicago. If people weren’t separated, why would you have places named, Pilsen, Ukrainian Village, Little Italy and Chinatown?
Starting in the 1960s, people started to mix. A school was built that bused people from all the villages and towns to one central school. Even though my grandmother was still suspicious of it, it was no longer odd to see a Bohemian person dating a Polish person. By the 1990s, every ethnic group I just wrote about was considered under the generic “White.”
Fast forward to today. In the older cities and rural areas, much of this division still exists but is slowly changing. You do not see this in cities that were primarily built after the 1960s. In the neighborhood where I live, people from more than a dozen ethnic groups representing just about every continent live on the same street. So although you see this division in the old cities of the Mid-West and Northeast, it is much less pronounced in the newer boom cities of the West and Southwest. I would say that I have not experienced it at all in suburbs built after the 1990s. For example, the most affluent suburb in Arizona has not only an ethnic mix that matches the United States as a whole, but recently had an African-American mayor. You will see much the same suburban Austin, Texas, Los Angeles, California and Las Vegas, Nevada.

这在很大程度上取决于你住在美国的什么地方。这篇文章主要讲的是一些老城市，现在仍然是这样。在20世纪50年代之前，美国的习俗是人们与自己种族的人住在一起。大多数来自其他国家的人(以及年轻的美国人)没有意识到的是，这不仅仅是一个黑人和白人的问题。这是各种类型的人的事情。
在我小的时候，我的曾祖父母住在一个镇上，那里的人都来自已经不复存在的波西米亚国家。一些路标是用捷克语写的。在大约5英里外的一个小镇上，你更可能听到人们说波兰语而不是英语。方圆100英里内还有一个法国小镇、一个德国小镇、一个英国/爱尔兰小镇、一个挪威小镇、几个荷兰村庄和一个芬兰小镇。顺便说一下——只有英国人、法国人和德国人被认为是“白人”。危地马拉和墨西哥裔的工人在田地里工作，但通常在冬天去气候温暖的地方工作。150英里外有一个全是黑人的小镇。我住的地方是村庄和城镇。在像底特律、费城和芝加哥这样的大城市，那些地方是社区。请看芝加哥的地图。如果人们没有被区分开，为什么会有这样的地方——皮尔森，乌克兰村，小意大利和唐人街？
从20世纪60年代开始，人们开始混在一起。建了一所学校，用公交车把所有村镇的人送到一所中心学校。尽管我的祖母仍然对此持怀疑态度，但看到一个波希米亚人与波兰人约会已经不再奇怪了。到了20世纪90年代，我刚刚提到的每一个种族都被归为“白人”一类。
快进到今天。在较老的城市和农村地区，这种划分在很大程度上仍然存在，但正在慢慢改变。在主要建于20世纪60年代后的城市中，你看不到这种情况。在我居住的社区里，来自十几个种族的人住在同一条街上，他们几乎代表了每一个大洲。所以，尽管你在中西部和东北部的老城市看到了这种分化，但在西部和西南部新兴的繁荣城市就不那么明显了。我想说，在90年代后建成的郊区，我根本没有经历过这种情况。例如，亚利桑那州最富裕的郊区不仅有与美国整体相匹配的种族混合，而且最近还出现了一位非裔美国人市长。你会看到在奥斯汀，得克萨斯州，洛杉矶，加利福尼亚州和拉斯维加斯，内华达州几乎有相同的郊区。

Holly Helmstetter
I gave you an up vote, although your explanation of various ethnic groups clustering together, fails to mention the Federal Housing Authority, which was formed to make some areas legal for whites only to live, and others for people of various shades of tan or brown. They even built houses for the whites and the lighter shades of tan. But for black people and some others, they built dreary apartment buildings, which we now know as the Projects. So it was not the desire of people to live with their own kind, that divided our housing into racial groups—it was our government, forbidding black people to live in the nicer areas or to live in white folks’ neighborhood. Anyone who claims that it was always the preference of black people to live in dreary apartments, with all the other black people, is lying. Not that black people didn’t want to live near each other—they just did not want to be forced to live in the worst areas of town.

我给赞成你的说法，尽管你对不同种族聚集在一起的解释，没有提到联邦住房管理局，它的成立是为了让一些地区只允许白人居住，而其他地区则允许不同肤色或棕色人种居住。他们甚至为白人和肤色较浅的人盖房子。但对黑人和其他一些人来说，他们建造的是沉闷的公寓楼，我们现在称之为“项目”。所以，并不是人们想和自己的同类生活在一起，才把我们的住房划分为种族群体住房——是我们的政府，禁止黑人住在更好的地区，或者住在白人的社区里。任何声称黑人总是喜欢和其他黑人一起住在沉闷的公寓里的人，那是在撒谎。这并不是说黑人不想住得离彼此很近——他们只是不想被迫住在城里最糟糕的地方。

Therese Van Arsdale
Actually, it’s not true that before the 1950s…The US is much more segregated NOW than it was in the 1950s or before. Lanston Hughes (b 1902) grew up in an integrated neighbourhood as did Toni Morrison (b 1931). He grew up in Cleveland, OH, she in Lorrain, OH, a small town with residents from many cultures then but not now.

事实上，在20世纪50年代之前…美国现在的种族隔离程度比上世纪50年代或更早的时候要严重得多。兰斯顿·休斯(1902年出生)和托妮·莫里森(1931年出生)都是在一个综合社区长大的。他在俄亥俄州的克利夫兰长大，她在俄亥俄州的洛林长大。洛林是一个小镇，当时那里的居民来自多种文化，但现在没有了。

Pam Skinner
Historically, there have been legal and non-legal restrictions on where black people could live. For example, restrictive covenants existed in the documents of certain communities stating that certain groups could not move in (look up Levittown, NY).
In addition there was a practice called “redlining,” which was Literally lines on a map that marked which neighborhoods black people were able to acquire mortgages to purchase a home. In addition black people have been steered to certain neighborhoods by realtors — never seeing other options.
These practices created black enclaves over time, despite fair housing laws that came into effect in the 1970s.
Nevertheless, there are many neighborhoods/towns across the US that are multiracial and multicultural. I have lived in several.
Finally, some of us simply prefer to live in predominantly black areas.

历史上，黑人居住的地方有法律上的和非法律上的限制。例如，某些社区的文件中存在限制性条款，规定某些群体不能迁入(查阅Levittown, NY)。
此外，还有一种叫做"红线"的做法，也就是在地图上标出黑人能够获得抵押贷款买房的社区。此外，黑人被房地产经纪人引导到特定的社区，从来没有其他的选择。
尽管20世纪70年代开始实施公平住房法，但随着时间的推移，这些做法为黑人创造了飞地。
然而，美国各地有许多社区/城镇是多种族和多文化的。我住过几个地方。
最后，我们中的一些人只是更喜欢住在以黑人为主的地区。

Howard Galt
People often make the mistake at looking at this as a Black/White thing. Prior to the 1970s, it was all groups of people. You would not find people of German and Italian descent in the same neighborhood. If you are looking at it simply as Black/White, then you would say that, “Those are both white neighborhoods.” They really weren’t. If somebody of Eastern European descent tried to move into an Italian neighborhood, they would be just as unwelcome as an African American. A famous case I remember from childhood was when one of Henry Ford’s heirs tried to move into a traditionally French neighborhood. Even though the Ford heir was a billionaire, his money was too “nouveau” and nobody would sell to him.

人们常常错误地认为这是一件非黑即白的事情。在20世纪70年代之前，那是所有群体的人。你不会在同一个社区里找到德国人和意大利人的后裔。如果你只是简单地把它看成是黑/白，那么你会说，“那些都是白人社区。” 他们真的没有。如果某个东欧血统的人试图搬到意大利社区，他们会像非裔美国人一样不受欢迎。我小时候记得的一个著名案例是，亨利·福特(Henry Ford)的一个继承人试图搬到一个传统的法国社区。尽管福特的继承人是个亿万富翁，但他的钱太“暴发户”了，没人愿意卖给他。

Pam Skinner
Would Italians burn down the house of a German family that moved into their neighborhood? Would they chase a group of Irish strolling?
I have to say that it is, on some levels, it is about nothing but race in some cases.
While growing up by our parents where not to go because it was dangerous for black people. This was in the 1970s - 1990s in NYC.

意大利人会烧毁搬进他们社区的德国家庭的房子吗？
他们会驱逐一群漫步的爱尔兰人吗？
我不得不说，在某些情况下，这只是种族问题。
在父母的陪伴下长大的我们不能去那里，因为那里对黑人来说很危险。那是在20世纪70年代到90年代的纽约。

Howard Galt
“Would Italians burn down the house of a German family that moved into their neighborhood?”
probably not. More likely it would be the case that nobody would sell/rent to them in the first place. Their kids could definitely expect a daily beating.
“Would they chase a group of Irish strolling through with bats?”
Most definitely in many of the cities I have been. They may also just be shot or stabbed.

“意大利人会烧掉搬进他们社区的德国家庭的房子吗？”
这是不可能的。更有可能的情况是，没有人会卖/租给他们。他们的孩子肯定每天都要挨打。
“他们会驱逐一群漫步的爱尔兰人吗？”
在我去过的许多城市里，肯定都有这些情况发生。他们也可能只是被枪击或刺伤。

Howard Galt
So you know what I am talking about. Maybe it was worse where I grew up, but as a general rule only people of French, English and German descent counted as “white.” Everyone else had to deal with segregation in one way or another.

所以你知道我在说什么。也许在我长大的地方情况更糟，但一般来说，只有法国、英国和德国血统的人才算“白人”。其他所有人都不得不以这样或那样的方式应对种族隔离。

Flavius Hobbs
A reason that there are white neighborhoods and black neighborhoods is that there is a thing called cultural preference. It's the same reason we have black churches and white churches.
A lot of things that are called racist could fall under cultural preference. It's the reason there is a China Town. It's why you see mostly Mexicans working in Mexican restaurants.
Cultural preference is not racism.

白人社区和黑人社区存在的一个原因是有一种叫做文化偏好的东西。这和我们有黑人教堂和白人教堂的原因一样。
很多被称为种族主义的东西可能属于文化偏好。这就是唐人街存在的原因。这就是为什么你会看到大多数墨西哥人在墨西哥餐馆工作的原因。
文化偏好不是种族主义。