In the 13th century, a Mongolian khan sent Rabban Bar Sauma west to forge diplomatic ties with powerful leaders from Persia to Paris.

13世纪,蒙古可汗派拉班·巴·索玛前往西部,与从波斯到巴黎的强大领导人建立外交关系。

BY GIORGIO PIRAZZINI

作者:乔治.皮拉齐尼

Two travelers from the 13th century made remarkable journeys. The man who headed east, from Europe to Asia, became a household name, thanks to his travelogue, The Travels of Marco Polo. The name of the other man is less well known, but his accomplishments are just as remarkable. Rabban Bar Sauma left China in 1275, followed the Silk Road, and made his way to Baghdad, Constantinople, and France, meeting khans, kings, and a pope.

13世纪有两位旅行者进行了非凡的旅行。其中一个凭借他的游记《马可波罗游记》,这个从欧洲向东前往亚洲的人成了家喻户晓的人物。另一个旅行家的名字不太为人所知,但他的成就同样非凡。拉班·巴·索玛于1275年离开中国,他沿着丝绸之路,前往巴格达、君士坦丁堡和法国,分别会见了可汗、国王和教皇。

The remarkable Bar Sauma was born in Zhongdu, China, in 1220. His ancestors were descendants of the Uighurs, a Turkic ethnic group from Central Asia. Bar Sauma was brought up in the Nestorian faith, a Christian denomination that originated in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) when it broke away from the church in the fifth century. Nestorianism took root in Persia and then spread east to China.

1220年,著名的巴·索玛诞生于中国的中都。他的祖先是中亚突厥民族维吾尔族的后裔。巴·索玛在聂斯托里教中长大,聂斯托里教是一个起源于小亚细亚(现在的土耳其)的基督教教派,于公元5世纪脱离了教会。后来聂斯托里的宗教主张在波斯生根,然后向东传到了中国。

“Rabban” is an honorific: In the Semitic Syriac language,it means “master.” At age 23 Bar Sauma became a monk, and he spent most of his adult life as a teacher.

“拉班”是一种敬语:在闪米特人的古代叙利亚语语言中,它的意思是“主人”。23岁时,巴·索玛成为了一名僧人,他成年后的大部分时间都在当老师。

Unlike Marco Polo, who embarked on his famous journey when he was just 17, Bar Sauma did not begin his traveling until middle age. At age 55, he decided to visit the holy sites where his religion was founded. In the course of his extraordinary travels, Bar Sauma would later form an unlikely Mongol-Christian alliance to seek Europe’s help against Muslim armies.

不像17岁就开始了他著名的旅程的马可波罗,巴·索玛直到中年才开始他的旅行。55岁时,他决定去参观他信仰的宗教起源的圣地。在他非同寻常的旅行过程中,巴·索玛后来组建了一个看似不可能的蒙古-基督教联盟,以寻求欧洲的帮助来对抗穆斯林军队。

Silk Road trip

丝绸之路之旅

Bar Sauma’s initial obxtive, however, was simply to walk in the Holy Land lying in the far west. His pupil Rabban Marcos would travel with him. Before leaving their homeland, the two sold all of their belongings and set out.

然而,巴·索玛最初的目标只是在遥远西部的圣地漫步。他的学生拉班·马科斯会和他一起旅行。在离开他们的祖国之前,两人卖掉了他们所有的财产出发了。

Like Polo, they benefited from Genghis Khan’s unification of the territories surrounding the Silk Road. They traveled during a period of stability historians call Pax Mongolica, but it did not mean the journey was without perils: The two pilgrims often went through deserts to avoid unsavory encounters on the standard route. At one stage, they crossed the Taklimakan Desert, where they had to scale 60-foot dunes and find shelter from turbulent sandstorms.

与波罗一样,他们受益于成吉思汗统一的丝绸之路周围的领土。他们虽然在一个被历史学家称为“蒙古和平”(Pax Mongolica)的稳定时期旅行,但这并不意味着旅途没有危险: 这两个朝圣者经常穿过沙漠,以避免在常规路线上遇到令人不快的遭遇。有一段时间,他们穿越了塔克拉玛干沙漠,在那里他们不得不爬上60英尺高的沙丘寻找躲避沙尘暴的地方。
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From there, the pair reached the oasis of Hotan in western China, after which lay Afghanistan’s mountains, and then a long slog west through the Iranian desert. After two years they reached Baghdad, seat of the catholicos, or patriarch, of the Nestorian Church. Bar Sauma and Marcos were intent on reaching Jerusalem, but conflict in the Holy Land made that impossible. Instead, the two traveled to Armenia and stayed in monasteries there before being recalled to Baghdad by the Nestorian catholicos, Denha I.

从那里,两人到达了中国西部的和田绿洲,之后是阿富汗的群山,然后是漫长而艰难的向西穿过伊朗沙漠的路途。两年后,他们到达了巴格达,即聂斯托里教的主教所在地。巴·索玛和马科斯想要到达耶路撒冷,但是由于圣地的冲突使他们无法到达。相反,两人前往亚美尼亚并在那里的修道院住了一段时间,后来被聂斯托利教的天主教徒登哈召回了巴格达。
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Founded in the eighth century by the Abbasid Muslims, Baghdad had been conquered in 1258 by the Mongols and become part of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanate, as the region was called, was ruled by an ilkhan, a deputy to the Great Khan in China. On Bar Sauma’s arrival the ilkhan was Abagha, a descendant of Genghis Khan. The Mongols had a fearsome military reputation, but their rule in this period was marked by religious tolerance. Abagha, a Buddhist, was sympathetic to the Nestorians.

巴格达在8世纪由阿巴斯穆斯林建立,于1258年被蒙古人征服,成为了蒙古帝国的一部分。这个地区被称为伊尔汗国,由一位伊尔汗统治,他是成吉思汗在当地的代理人。巴·索玛到达那里时,其伊尔汗是成吉思汗的后裔阿巴哈。蒙古人拥有令人生畏的军事声誉,但他们在这一时期的统治以宗教包容性著称。阿巴哈是佛教徒,他对聂斯托利教派充满同情。

The catholicos Denha decided to send Bar Sauma and his disciple to meet Abagha and receive the khan’s secular blessing. During the trip, Denha appointed Marcos to his first senior position in the Nestorian Church. Denha planned to send the pair back to China, but in 1281 he died. A replacement was sought, and Marcos was chosen as the new Nestorian patriarch. Marcos assumed his new role under the name Mar Yahballaha III, and his former master would continue his travels.

天主教的登哈决定派巴.索玛和他的门徒去见阿巴哈,并接受可汗的世俗祝福。在旅途中,登哈任命马科斯为聂斯托里派教会的第一个高级职位。登哈原本计划将这对师徒送回中国,但在1281年他就去世了。于是马科斯被选为新的聂斯托里派牧首。马科斯以马尔·亚巴拉哈三世的名字担任了他的新角色,而他以前的师傅则将独自继续他的旅行。

A statue of a man wearing a crown laying down
The tomb of Clovis I, first king of the Franks, in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris, which Bar Sauma may have visited.

法兰克人的第一任国王,克洛维一世的坟墓,位于巴黎圣德尼大教堂,索玛可能去过那里。

Abagha died in 1282, was briefly succeeded by his brother, and then, by his son, Arghun in 1284. In this period, the Egyptian Mamluk Muslims had gained control of the Holy Land and were posing a military threat to the khanate. The ilkhan elected Bar Sauma as head of a delegation to Europe to convince its leaders to join a military campaign against their common enemy. Then in his 60s, Bar Sauma began traveling west in 1287 on a new journey, with Constantinople as his first destination among many.

1282年阿巴哈去世,他的兄弟短暂地继承了王位,1284年王位又由他的儿子阿尔贡继承。在此期间,埃及马穆鲁克穆斯林已经控制了圣地,并对可汗国构成了军事威胁。伊尔汗选举巴·索玛为前往欧洲的代表团团长,试图说服其领导人加入针对他们共同敌人的军事行动。于是1287年,在他60多岁的时候,巴·索玛开始了一次新的旅行,君士坦丁堡是他的第一个目的地。

Monk on a mission

任务在身的僧人

The Byzantine capital made a colossal impact on Bar Sauma. It was his first time in an entirely Christian city—and what a city it was—with its blend of Roman and Byzantine splendor. The Nestorian pilgrim was dazzled by the magnificent sight of Hagia Sophia, built seven centuries earlier by Emperor Justinian I.

拜占庭首都对巴.索玛产生了巨大的影响。这是他第一次来到一个融合了罗马和拜占庭辉煌的完全基督教的城市。7世纪前,查士丁尼一世(Emperor Justinian I)建造的圣索菲亚大教堂(Hagia Sophia)宏伟壮观,令这位聂斯托利教教徒眼花缭乱。

From Constantinople he traveled to Italy in June 1287. His first stop was Rome, where he hoped to convince the pope to declare a new crusade to take the Holy Land from the Mamluks. Pope Honorius IV, however, had just died and his successor had not yet been chosen. Bar Sauma’s message would have to wait, so he made the most of his time waiting by visiting Rome’s basilicas and the relics of the holy figures he had so venerated in far-off China. After visiting the tomb of St. Paul and the Church of St. Peter in Chains, he set off to meet the French king Philip the Fair.

1287年6月,索玛离开君士坦丁堡前往意大利。他的第一站是罗马,他希望在那里说服教皇宣布一场新的十字军东征,从马穆鲁克人手中夺取圣地。然而,彼时的罗马教皇霍诺里乌斯四世刚刚去世,他的继任者还没有选定。所以巴·索玛还得等消息,所以他利用等待的时间参观了罗马的长方形会堂和他早就崇拜已久的圣像的遗物。在参观了圣保罗的坟墓和带锁链的圣彼得教堂后,他动身去见了法国国王菲利普。

A drawing of a man kneeling before a throne
The ilkhan receives Geoffrey of Langley, sent by Edward I of England. The encounter took place partly in response to the king’s meeting with Bar Sauma in Bordeaux, France.

伊尔汗接待了英国爱德华一世派来的来自兰利的杰弗里。这次会面部分是为了回应国王在法国波尔多会见巴·索玛的事情。

Bar Sauma’s quest for a joint alliance was stymied by the fragmentation of power in Europe. The French monarch was more worried about English control of the French region of Aquitaine than with the Holy Land. The king made only vague promises. Bar Sauma used the opportunity to visit Paris, its university, and its churches. In his writings he mentions a “Great Church wherein were the funerary coffers of dead kings,” probably referring to the Basilica of Saint-Denis.

巴·索玛寻求联合联盟的努力因欧洲权力的分裂而受阻。比起圣地,法国君主更担心英国对法国阿基坦地区的控制。所以国王只做了一些含糊的承诺。巴·索玛利用这个机会参观了巴黎的大学和教堂。在他的著作中,他提到了一个“伟大的教堂,并称那里是已故国王的葬礼保险箱,”这个教堂可能指的是圣德尼大教堂。

He made no mention of the massive Notre Dame Cathedral, but historian Morris Rossabi suggests that he may have been unnerved by it, as Nestorians did not venerate Mary as the “mother of god.”

他没有提到著名的巴黎圣母院,但历史学家莫里斯·罗沙比认为他可能是对巴黎圣母院感到不安,因为聂斯托里派并不把圣母尊为“上帝之母”。

Bar Sauma completed his round of royal visits by presenting himself to Edward I of England, then residing in Bordeaux. Edward promised him economic and military aid that would never materialize. Even so, the encounter impacted Edward: In 1291 he sent an envoy, Geoffrey of Langley, on a diplomatic mission to the Ilkhanate.

巴尔·索玛以觐见英国爱德华一世的方式完成了他对皇室的访问,然后定居在了法国的波尔多。爱德华承诺给他的经济和军事援助永远不会实现。尽管如此,这次碰面还是对爱德华产生了影响:1291年,他派遣了来自兰利的杰弗里作为一名使节,前往伊尔汗国执行外交任务。

In February 1288 a new pope, Nicholas IV, was elected, and Bar Sauma immediately set about petitioning him. The pontiff entrusted the traveler with a letter for Arghun Khan, a copy of which is kept in the Vatican archives. In it, the pope declined the alliance owing to the fragility of the internal situation in Europe and exhorted the ilkhan to convert to Christianity.

1288年2月,新教皇尼古拉斯四世当选,巴尔·索玛立即开始向他请愿。教皇委托这位旅行者为阿尔汗写了一封信,信的副本保存在梵蒂冈档案馆。在这封信中,教皇以欧洲内部局势的脆弱为由而拒绝了联盟,并劝告伊尔汗皈依基督教。

However, Bar Sauma had piqued his curiosity, and the Chinese diplomat was allowed to celebrate Mass according to Nestorian customs. Nicholas IV noted that, apart from the language, the Mass celebrated by the “ambassador of the Mongols” resembled those celebrated in the West.

然而,巴·索玛激起了他的好奇心,这位中国外交官被允许按照聂斯托里派的习俗庆祝弥撒。尼古拉斯四世指出,除了语言之外,由“蒙古大使”庆祝的弥撒与西方庆祝的弥撒很相似。

THE LOST MANUscxt

遗失的手稿

Old paper with vertical writing on it
A 1289 letter from Arghun to Philip IV of France, in which Bar Sauma is mentioned.

图为1289年阿尔贡写给法国腓力四世的一封信,信中提到了巴·索玛。
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Rabban Bar Sauma’s long journey had come to an end. He headed back east and would die in Baghdad in 1294, a guest of the patriarch Mar Yahballaha III, his former novice who had left China with him 20 years earlier. As the first known traveler from China to Europe, Bar Sauma must have appreciated the momentousness of what he had seen. To the eternal gratitude of historians, he spent his last days in Baghdad recording his impressions, and a copy of this extraordinary account was discovered centuries later.

拉班·巴·索玛的漫长旅程结束了。他回到东方,并于1294年死于巴格达,彼时他在拜访大牧首马尔·亚巴拉哈三世,即20年前,与他一同离开中国踏上旅程的徒弟。作为人们所知的第一个从中国到欧洲的旅行者,巴·索玛一定领悟到了他一路上的所见所闻的重要性。让历史学家永远感激的是,他在巴格达度过的最后的日子里记录了他对这些地方的印象,几个世纪后,他的非同寻常的记录被历史学家发现。

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