科学家们发现，与不吃加工肉制品的人相比，每周食用150克以上加工肉的人，患心血管疾病的风险要高出46%，死亡风险要高出51%
Processed meat and health. Following participants for almost a decade, scientists found consumption of 150 grams or more of processed meat a week was associated with a 46 per cent higher risk of cardiovascular disease and a 51 per cent higher risk of death than those who ate no processed meat.
译文简介
一项全球研究发现显示，食用加工肉类可能导致更高的心血管疾病风险。同一项研究没有发现未经加工的红肉或禽肉会导致类似风险。
正文翻译
A global study led by Hamilton scientists has found a lix between eating processed meat and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. The same study did not find the same lix with unprocessed red meat or poultry.
The information comes from the diets and health outcomes of 134,297 people from 21 countries spanning five continents, who were tracked by researchers for data on meat consumption and cardiovascular illnesses.
After following the participants for almost a decade, the researchers found consumption of 150 grams or more of processed meat a week was associated with a 46 per cent higher risk of cardiovascular disease and a 51 per cent higher risk of death than those who ate no processed meat.However, the researchers also found moderate levels of consumption of non-processed meats had a neutral effect on health.
一项全球研究发现显示，食用加工肉类可能导致更高的心血管疾病风险。同一项研究没有发现未经加工的红肉或禽肉会导致类似风险。
这些研究信息来自来自五大洲21个国家134297人的饮食和健康结果，研究人员跟踪研究了他们的肉类消费和心血管疾病数据。
在对参与者进行了近十年的跟踪调查后，研究人员发现，与不吃加工肉的人相比，每周食用150克或更多加工肉的人，患心血管疾病的风险高了46%，死亡的风险高了51%。
研究人员也发现，适度食用未加工的肉类对健康没什么负面影响。
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Does the study define what 'processed meat' is? I mean, I assume it's sausage, bacon, salami etc and not my rare steak...
这项研究是否定义了什么是“加工肉”？我猜加工肉指的是香肠、培根、意大利腊肠等，而不是我的半熟牛排……
Your rare steak is carcinogenic, and browning on both sides makes it worse.
If you want to live a long life, you'll need to eat amounts of organic vegetarian food. Or you could die 10 years earlier and actually enjoy life.
你的半熟牛排也是致癌的，牛排两面的焦褐具有致癌风险。
如果你想长寿，你需要吃大量的有机素食。或者你可以无视这些健康风险，继续享受生活。
I found the article. Processed meat is defined:
Unprocessed red meat was defined as the consumption of beef, mutton, veal, and pork. Poultry included the flesh of all birds. Processed meat included any types of meat that had been salted, cured, or treated with preservatives and/or food additives.
我找到了那篇文章。
未加工的红肉被定义为生鲜牛肉、羊肉、小牛肉和猪肉。包括家禽肉在内的所有禽类肉。
加工肉类被定义为使用防腐剂/食品添加剂，腌制，熏制或处理过的任何肉类。
Basically if it has nitrites and other preservatives, that's what's bad for you.
基本上，如果肉类含有亚硝酸盐和其他防腐剂，那就是对你有害的。
There are two kinds of people who give up unhealthy meat: people seeking to become very healthy and active and people who are already pretty sick trying to stave off the consequences of their unhealthy lifestyles.
Obviously it's hard to do these kinds of studies, but the data is never going to be great.
有两种人会放弃不健康的肉类：一种是希望过健康生活的人，另一种是已经病得很重的人，他们不想让不健康的生活方式加重病情。
显然，做这类研究很难，数据永远不会完美。
Your view of the matter is overly simplistic and doesn't account for:
moral reasons: religious or otherwise
economic reasons: packaged or cured meats are expensive in many rural places were less processed poultry or pork is still available
allergies or digestive issues: some people can't eat this meats but will still eat a lot of sugar, smoke, don't exercise, etc
The data can be good if you ask the right questions and have a big sample population.
你对这件事的看法过于简单化，没有考虑到：
道德原因：宗教或其他因素。
经济原因：在许多农村地区，包装或熏制的肉制品价格昂贵，但仍然可以买到加工程度较低的家禽肉或猪肉。
过敏或消化问题：有些人不能吃肉类，但仍然会吃大量的糖，吸烟，不锻炼等。
如果你提出了正确的假设，并拥有大量的样本，得到的数据并不会差。
My mind goes right to when I was doing volunteer work in a very poor community. Alcoholism is epidemic, as is diabetes. Smoking rates are several times the national average. The default move for anybody that is hungry in a typical household is a stack of bologna, a loaf of generic white bread, and a big jar of store brand mayo. This is typical offered with a side of chips and a soda. All day, most adults in the community drink coffee, endless pots of it, usually with several spoons of sugar in each cup.
As you can see, with that demographic, the issue is CLEARLY the "150 grams of processed meat a week" right? No other issues here, no way, it's the nitrates.
我想起了在一个非常贫穷的社区做志愿者的经历。那里酗酒和糖尿病现象很普遍。吸烟率是全国平均水平的几倍。在那个社区的家庭，如果有人饿了，默认的做法就是吃一堆博洛尼亚红肠、一条白面包和一大罐蛋黄酱。配上薯片和苏打水。社区里的大多数成年人整天都在喝咖啡，喝完一壶又一壶，通常每杯都要放几勺糖。
但现在研究结论却是"每周多吃了150克加工肉制品"导致患病几率提高?
是否还有其他致病因素？
不管，反正就是亚硝酸盐的问题。
Humans can eat about any diet t's not ethical to do an RCT where you control someone's diet for that long, so long term nutrition research is essentially limited to cohort studies and below. These are relatively weak, hence why you constantly hear about one study contradicting another.
It's a tough field to study, and one should recognize these limitations and take everything with a grain of salt. Amusingly, even something as basic as maximum safe salt intake for healthy people is not well known. Here is a recent study showing it makes a difference of about a 0.26 / 0.05 per gram of sodium intake. The average American eats 3.4 g of salt per day, so cutting that in half might decrease your BP from 120/80 to 119.6 / 79.9. OTOH, just about every dietary guideline ("expert opinion" from the above list) recommends decreasing salt intake. This is just to give an example of how little we know for certain
人类的饮食复杂而多元，为了研究长时间控制某人的饮食是不道德的，所以关于营养健康的研究基本上局限于队列研究。这就是你经常听到一项研究与另一项研究相矛盾的原因。
（队列研究是将某一特定人群按是否暴露于某可疑因素或暴露程度分为不同的亚组，追踪观察两组或多组成员结局（如疾病）发生的情况，比较各组之间结局发生率的差异，从而判定这些因素与该结局之间有无因果关联及关联程度的一种观察性研究方法。）
这是一个很难研究的领域，人们应该认识到其局限性，对任何事情都持保留态度。
有趣的是，即使是像食盐最大安全摄入量这样的基本常识，也不为人所熟知。
最近的一项研究表明，每克盐的摄入会产生大约0.26/0.05的血压差。美国人平均每天摄入3.4g盐，因此将盐摄入量减半可能会使你的血压从120/80降至119.6/79.9。几乎所有的饮食指南都建议减少盐的摄入量。
我们对这方面的科学依然所知甚少。
Are we saying processed food is bad? Basically all foods are processed to some extent. Is a nugget bad because it is ground up? Or just because it is fried in oil?
所以意思是加工食品不好吗？基本上所有的食物都经过某种程度的加工。炸鸡块不好是因为它被磨碎了？或者仅仅是因为它被油炸过？
Processing meat is such a broad term it can mean almost anything.
A cut of steak has, by definition, been Processed.
A chicken mashed up into a goop ane made into a nugget is also Processed.
“加工肉制品”是一个非常宽泛的术语，它几乎可以指任何东西。
根据定义，一块牛排是经过加工的。
将鸡肉捣碎成糊，做成鸡块，也是经过加工的。
Well, part of having that level of detail probably has to with the specific type of processed food and how it is processed. Lunch meats often have lots of added sodium and nitites. I would imagine fast food has lots of added preservatives and other stuff to guarantee short term safety.
嗯，这可能与特定类型的加工食品以及它的加工方式有关。午餐肉通常添加了大量的亚硝酸盐。我想快餐中添加了很多防腐剂和其他物质来保证短期的保质期安全。
So the issue isn’t fast food, it’s preservatives?
所以问题不是快餐，而是防腐剂？
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I mean, if your business model is figuring out how to make the cheapest ingredients taste the best, it'll usually involve pumping them full of different types of sodium and preservatives, and using high calorie, low nutrition ingredients.
我的意思是，如果你的商业模式是想办法让最便宜的食材尝起来最好吃，通常就需要加入不同类型的防腐剂，并使用高卡路里、低营养的食材
One theory is that fast food and processed foods are often higher in salt than homecooked meals and lack nutrients .
一种理论认为，快餐和加工食品的含盐量往往比自家烹调的饭菜高，而且缺乏营养。
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Processed food you get at fast food or grocery stores will usually has a large amount of nutrients stripped from it and you're left woth the empty calories. Processed meats can included cured and salted meats are absolutely caked with sodium
你在快餐或杂货店买到的加工食品通常会损失大量的营养物质，只剩下卡路里。加工肉类包括熏制和腌制的肉类，在制作过程中绝对会添加亚硝酸盐。
Chicken nuggets can include not just the chicken meat itself but also the skin, with several types of flour, starches and oils. That makes nuggets higher in calories and about half the protein compared to an equal portion of plain cooked skinless chicken.Mar 3, 2006
炸鸡块不仅包括鸡肉本身，还可以包括鸡皮，以及面粉、淀粉和油。这使得鸡块的卡路里和蛋白质比同等份量的普通煮熟的去皮鸡肉更高。
Are there any cured meats out there that ACTUALLY don’t use nitrates?
有不添加硝酸盐的腌肉吗?
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Nitrates and nitrate are used to prevent the growth of botulism in products made from chopped meat such as dry sausages because the spores get incorporated deep inside where they can grow. While acid and salt do also play a role in preventing growth of botulism bacteria the conditions need to be perfect all the time. Nitrates are a safety margin.
Bulk dried cured meats do not use nitrates as
1) they can't penetrate, and 2) the botulism spores remain on the surface and don't propagate much so no appreciable amounts of toxin are ever produced and processing ( such as scraping the skin off dry ham before cooking ) removes it anyways.
硝酸盐被用来防止肉毒杆菌在切碎的肉制品(如干香肠)中生长。虽然酸和盐也能在一定程度上防止肉毒杆菌生长，但环境条件必须始终保持完美。而亚硝酸盐则保证了食品安全。
当然，一整块干腌肉可以不使用硝酸盐，因为：
1)肉毒杆菌孢子无法渗透干腌肉内部，2)肉毒杆菌孢子只能停留在表面，不会大量繁殖，因此很容易处理毒素(比如在烹饪前把干火腿的皮刮掉)。
My understanding is that there is an increased risk associated with consuming all red meat.
I’m no expert but my approach based on this information was to reduce my intake not remove red meat from my diet entirely.
我认为，食用加工还是未加工过的红肉都会增加患病风险。
但我的方法是减少我的红肉摄入量，而不是完全从我的饮食中去除红肉。
Red meat intake is still associated with bowel cancer l
红肉仍然与肠癌有关系
Income is the biggest factor for health
收入是影响健康的最大因素
I never got the trend why people want get old enough to see their bodies crumble
我一直不明白为什么人们想一直活到自己身体机能彻底崩溃才满足。
I don't want to die. I suspect this will still be true in a couple decades.
我不想死。我认为几十年后我仍然会这样想。
Their bodies will crumble nonetheless ... With modern Medizin and a healthy lifestyle (and no chronic diseases) you can easily get over 90 years old...
But your cardiovascular system just isn't made to last that long... And you need to hope that your kidney function doesn't sink too low. And your risk to die due to complications after a fall....
All this ignores the fact that your brain will slowly deteriorate and that your mental state could worsen at any point ...
Or the fact that you see everyone around you slowly die ...
即使你能活的很长，但你的身体最终还是会崩溃……有了现代药物和健康的生活方式(假设你没有患上慢性病)，你很容易活过90岁……
但你的心血管系统一直在衰老。你不得不希望你的肾功能不会降得太低。不会跌倒后因各种并发症而死亡...
你的大脑也会慢慢退化，你的精神状态可能会在某一时刻突然恶化。
在此之前，你会看到周围的人一个个慢慢死去……
Is live without cured meats worth living?
没有腌熏肉的生活还值得吗?
I'm a vegan. Yes it is.
我是素食主义者。是的,值得。
~8 grams of slice per bacon, or 18-19 slices a week.
geez that's sad.....
每片培根约8克，每周最多只能吃18-19片培根。
天啊，真让人感到悲伤……
Maybe just don't eat meat. It's the flesh of murdered tortured animals. You're a sicko if you do. But if you stop eating meat - and also eggs and milk, because those also come from tortured murdered animals - you'll not only be less likely to die young, but you'll also have moral superiority like vegans such as myself do. :)
也许你可以试试不吃肉。这些肉都来自被谋杀折磨的动物。想想这些，你吃肉时不觉得恶心吗。但如果你不再吃肉，也不再吃鸡蛋和牛奶——因为它们同样来自被折磨致死的动物。
那么你不仅能活的更久，而且还会像我这样的素食主义者一样拥有道德优越感。
I can't believe you people kill helpless, llving plants that can't even move to defend themselves.
我真不敢相信你们这些素食者会杀死那些无助的，活生生的植物。那些植物甚至不能反抗你们的捕食。
heart disease, (the number one cause of death in the United States) is dietary. Cholesterol, which causes plaque in arteries and leads to heart attack and stroke doesn’t come from plants, it comes from animal products.
心血管疾病(美国的头号死因)与饮食有关。胆固醇会引起动脉硬块并导致心脏病和中风，
致病风险不是蔬菜，而是肉制品。
I suspect this is mostly because a high percentage of processed meat is packed full of calories and saturated fat. Obese people consume a lot of it, just look at what people are putting in their carts and ordering at restaurants.
我怀疑主要是因为加工肉类含有高比例的卡路里和饱和脂肪。越是肥胖的人越会消耗很多加工肉类，只要看看人们在他们的购物车和餐馆点什么就知道了。
So if I stop eating processed meat there is a 50% I won't die?
所以如果我停止食用加工肉类，我就有50%的几率不会死?
Anecdote time! A close family friend was diagnosed with intestinal cancer and had most of their gi tract axed out of their body. She gave up all cured pork products after the surgery and lived healthily for about 7 years until she decided the hell with it, and bought a pound of bacon. Two months later she was dead from the cancer coming back. I still eat bacon and pepperoni so I guess I didn't learn a thing.
说个身边事!家里人的一位朋友被诊断出患有肠癌，并被切除了大部分胃肠道。手术后，她放弃了所有的腌熏肉，健康地生活了大约7年，直到她实在馋的受不了，大着胆子买了一磅培根。两个月后，她死于癌症复发。
我听说了这件事，但我依然在吃熏肉和意大利辣香肠，所以我想我没有从中学到什么教训。
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