如果你用时间机器把一个3万年前的现代人婴儿带回现在，用现代的方式抚养他，会发生什么? 它能做和这个时期出生的人类完全一样的事情吗?
What would happen if you brought an anatomically modern human baby from 30,000 years ago back to this time with a time machine, and raised it in a modern way? Would it be able to do the exact same things as a human born in this time?
译文简介
1880年1月，由英属印度政府官员Mourice Vidal Portman率领的一支探险队在安达曼岛的北森提纳岛(North Sentinel Island)登陆。那里住着一个小部落，完全原始，仍然赤身裸体。
正文翻译
What would happen if you brought an anatomically modern human baby from 30,000 years ago back to this time with a time machine, and raised it in a modern way? Would it be able to do the exact same things as a human born in this time?
如果你用时间机器把一个3万年前的现代人婴儿带回现在，用现代的方式抚养他，会发生什么? 它能做和这个时期出生的人类完全一样的事情吗?
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In January 1880, an expedition led by Mourice Vidal Portman, a British Indian government administrator, landed on North Sentinel Island of Andaman. There would live a small tribe, entirely primitive and still naked. If we would say that was a lifestyle of 30,000 years back, it would not be an overstatement. They were completely away from the touch of modern humans and their modern living. (And as we know, they are living the same way until today).
However, this expedition team kidnapped a group of six tribesmen that included an elderly couple and four children. They were taken to Port Blair— the closest city populated by either modern humans or tribes that long lived in touch of modern humans.
Unexpectedly, the entire group of six sickened rapidly and the elderly couple died in a few days. Anticipating the same fate, Portman returned the children to the island.
Muhammed Borhanuddin, 历史迷
1880年1月，由英属印度政府官员Mourice Vidal Portman率领的一支探险队在安达曼岛的北森提纳岛(North Sentinel Island)登陆。那里住着一个小部落，完全原始，仍然赤身裸体。如果我们说那是3万年前的生活方式，那一点也不夸张。他们完全脱离了现代人和现代生活的影响。并且正如我们所知，直到今天，他们的生活方式都是一样的。
然而，这支探险队绑架了六名部落成员，其中包括一对老夫妇和四个孩子。他们被带到布莱尔港——这里是居住着现代人类或长期与现代人类保持联系的最近的城市。
出乎意料的是，这六个人很快就病倒了，这对老夫妇几天后就去世了。由于预料到同样的命运，探险队把孩子们送回了岛上。
这一事件表明，带到这里的婴儿可能在成长到青春期之前就已经死亡了。婴儿可能没有免疫力和抗体来对付它从未接触过的新病毒，但我们有。
这就是为什么许多当地人和移民在探索新大陆后死亡的原因:从旧世界携带的病毒/疾病。
如果婴儿能熬过最初的关键时期，我们会照顾他，训练他以适应，他可以像我们一样生活。
ALL babies need to build up their immune system against the pathogens in their environment. That’s why you should never expose a newborn to crowds or unsanitary conditions.
Breastfeeding will greatly improve a baby’s chances of fighting off disease, as the breast milk contains antibodies that can fight off infection.
So if you give the paleolithic baby to a lactating mother to breastfeed, he or she would have a pretty good chance of growing into a normal adult.
所有的婴儿都需要建立他们的免疫系统来对抗环境中的病原体。这就是为什么你不应该让新生儿暴露在人群或不卫生的环境中。
母乳喂养将大大提高婴儿抵抗疾病的机会，因为母乳中含有可以抵抗感染的抗体。
所以，如果你把这个旧石器时代的婴儿交给哺乳期的母亲进行母乳喂养，他或她很有可能长成一个正常的成年人。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
that is why we vaccinate children.
Your answer is correct.
这就是我们为儿童接种疫苗的原因。
你的答案是正确的。
Though this is true to an extent, it's also very true that the native Americans and more isolated people of Africa and Oceania lacked immunities too many diseases that Europeans, North Africans, and West Asians could handle better.
虽然这在某种程度上是事实，但美洲以及非洲和大洋洲更孤立的土著居民对欧洲人、北非人和西亚人更容易应对的疾病，缺乏免疫力也是事实。
It’s because of the closer relationships and contact with animals and themselves. These diseases some groups had no immunities to but also the same can be said about some Arab and European groups when they died of tropical diseases that Africans Asians and Oceania has.
这跟相互接触以及跟动物接触有关。
有些群体对这些疾病没有免疫力，反过来，当一些阿拉伯和欧洲群体死于非洲、亚洲和大洋洲的热带疾病时，他们也可以这样说。
Right, but that's not really connected to breastfeeding, to my knowledge, aside from maybe the baby gets the immunities too said diseases from the mother. But if the mother has no immunity the baby won't get any from her.
是的，但据我所知，这和母乳喂养并没有什么关系，除了可能婴儿也从母亲那里获得了免疫力和疾病外。
但如果母亲没有免疫力，婴儿就不会从她那里得到任何免疫力。
Well, thank the Lord that those people who were returned did not infect the tribe and wipe them out
谢天谢地，那群返回的人没有感染部落。
One can only speculate if those returned children DID trigger a serious epidemic upon their return. There’s a reason for the Sentinelese’ famous hostility towards outsiders, and there is no record of that hostility from prior to this incident.
这些返回的儿童是否在他们返回后引发了一场严重的疫情，我们只能推测。
森蒂纳尔人对外人的敌意是有原因的，而在此事件之前并没有这种敌意的记录。
It's a good idea but I think the simplest idea would be true. They took 2 elders and killed them, in the eyes of the tribe, also they kidnapped the kids. If someone kidnapped your parents and your children and later just returned the children, infected or in perfect health, wouldn't you be overtly hostile?
你的观点不错，但我认为最简单原因在于：在部落的眼中，他们抓走了两个长老并杀死了他们，他们还绑架了孩子。如果有人绑架了你的父母和你的孩子，然后又把他们送回来，不管他们是被感染了还是健康的，你难道不会公开表示敌意吗?
If it was JUST a violation against individuals or even a single family, or even a family that was highly prominent in the community like the chief’s family itself, I would not expect the hostility to last this long. I mean elders get killed and children kidnapped almost routinely in human history. The fact that the children got RETURNED at all actually usually benign compared to the average. Maintaining a policy of such extreme hostile isolationism requires a sustained cultural effort with extensive indoctrination of every subsequent generation and significant effort expended on enforcement. It’s the kind of thing a human society would rarely bother doing unless it perceived an existential threat, not just to a few individuals or even an important family, but to the whole community.
如果这只是对个人的侵犯，或是对一个家庭的侵犯，亦或者是对一个在社区中非常显赫的家庭的侵犯，比如酋长的家庭，我不认为这种敌意会持续这么长时间。我是说，在人类历史上，老人被杀，儿童被绑架几乎是家常便饭。
事实上，与平均水平相比，送回这些孩子已经高于过去的惯例做法了。维持这种极端敌对孤立主义的政策需要持续的文化努力，对每一代进行广泛的灌输，并在执行方面投入大量精力。
这是一种人类社会很少费心去做的事情，除非它意识到存在威胁，这种威胁不仅是对少数人、一个重要的家庭，而是对整个社会。
They might have incorporated this hostility into their belief system and folklore. In that case, it wouldn’t be a problem to stick to it and pass it on.
他们可能把这种敌意融入了他们的信仰体系和民间传说中。在这种情况下，坚持它并把它传递下去就不是问题了。
I hear you on that but I think you are looking at it from a point of view that is non existent in that type of culture. I think they are a collective family. Sure there are different biological “families" but I think in those type of cultures family was an all encompassing idea. It takes a village to raise a child. I believe in ancient times that was real. To survive everyone had to play a part so every “individual" was vitally important. If you take my family and in doing so decrease my chances of survival I'm going to want to kill you and anyone who looks like or associates with you. With no TV, radio or other fast moving distractions and the only form of entertainment is story telling, just imagine how demonized the people were after some years of blurred memories, exaggeration and fermented hate passed down.
我明白你的意思，但我认为你的观点在那种文化中是不存在的。
我认为他们是一个集体主义家庭。当然，生物学上有不同的“家庭”，但我认为在那些类型的文化中，家庭是一个包罗万象的概念。抚养一个孩子需要全村的人的努力。我相信在古代这是真的。
为了生存，每个人都要扮演一定的角色，所以每个“个体”都至关重要。如果你带走了我的家人，这样做会降低我的生存几率，那么我会杀了你和任何长得像你或和你有关系的人。
在没有电视，没有收音机等设备的情况下，唯一的娱乐形式就是讲故事了，想象一下，经过多年故事加工、夸张和发酵的仇恨，那群外来人会被如何疯狂妖魔化。
An excellent and extremely intelligent observation. I'm thinking you are extremely likely to be absolutely correct.
这是非常出色和非常聪明的观察，我认为你很可能是完全正确的。
Wasn't some missionary killed by the Jawara tribe last year? I thought some islands are protected and against the law to visit just for the reasons you mentioned.
去年不是有个传教士被贾瓦拉部落杀了吗?
正如你提到的原因，我原以为有些岛屿是受保护的，是不准旅游的。
Well, partially to prevent disease, partially because as that missionary found out, they have zero problem killing anyone who comes on the island. (Which means unfortunately we don’t know much about lifespans or inbreeding or all the things it would be interesting to study in a successfully-isolated population like that, but they’re pretty clear about not wanting visitors.)
部分原因是为了预防疾病，部分原因是正如那个传教士发现的那样，他们可以毫不留情地杀死任何来到岛上的人。不幸的是，这意味着我们对寿命、近亲繁殖以及在这样一个成功隔离的种群中进行有趣研究都落了空，他们很清楚不希望有访客，尽管这些研究会很有意思。
What would you expect though? This expedition kidnaps them, one or more die from this kidnapping, etc. Yeah, it was 1880-a long time ago-but this incident is, I’m SURE still part of their own folklore.
“The monsters who came and took our People away”.
你还能期待什么呢?
这次探险绑架了他们，一人或多人死于绑架。是的，那是1880年了，很久以前了，但我相信这件事仍然存在于他们自己的传说里。
"那些来带走我们族人的怪物"。
It’s equally probable that the person we snatched from 30,000 years ago might have a virus or disease which we modern humans may never have been exposed to, too! The person could wipe us all out. Serves us right though, kidnapping and all.
同样有可能的是，3万年前被我们抢走的那个人可能也有一种我们现代人从未接触过的病毒或疾病! 这个人可能会把我们都消灭掉。
尽管由于绑架，这是活该。
Yes, I remember that story VIVIDLY - very SAD indeed. But it is times like this that the EVIL of governments around the world are SPOUTING, that I just wished I had been BORN into that tribe on the Sentinel island.
是的，我清楚地记得那个故事——确实非常悲惨。
但在这种时候，世界各地的邪恶政府都在大肆搞宣传，我真希望自己出生在哨兵岛的那个部落里。
You have no idea of their attitudes regarding sex, about women, their rates of infant deaths, about their average lifespan, or about their possible distasteful rituals.
For example, there was (edit 05/01/20: is, they don't do this anymore though) a tribe in the Amazon where boys had to fellate older men as rite of passage into manhood.
Quite a few societies have practiced infanticide.
Some societies engage in cannibalism.
So, would you be okay, living in a society on a small island, where you have no air conditioning, poor sanitation, have to use the toilet behind bushes, have worms in your stomach, have a primitive justice system, possibly a second class citizen to the males, not be able to vote, have the majority of your children die in infancy, much more shabby clothes, an infection from a cut possibly being deadly, etc, etc?
你不知道他们对性的态度，对女人的态度，对婴儿死亡率的态度，对他们的平均寿命的态度，或者对他们可能令人厌恶的仪式的态度。
例如，在亚马逊有一个部落(补充：他们不再这样做了)，那里的男孩必须口交年长的男人，作为进入成年的仪式。
相当多的社会有杀婴行为。有些社会搞同类相食。
所以，你是否可以生活在一座这样的小岛上：没有空调，卫生条件差，不得不在灌木丛后面上厕所，吃虫子，原始的司法体系，可能是次于男性的二等公民，不能投票，你的大多数孩子在婴儿期就死了，衣服更破旧，伤口感染可能是致命的，等等?
And you would be satisfied, because it is the way your ancestors lived, and you have no knowledge of other ways. Don’t assume that these people have no system of consensus decision-making—councils of elders, maybe. I myself have lived without air conditioning (in Florida and San Diego). Many children were dying in infancy in the U.S. 100 years ago, before antibiotics. Hookworm was endemic in the South. People did have various herbs to treat infections.
The point is, while here and now we have various comforts and conveniences. So whose culture is better?
并且你会被献祭，因为这是你祖先的生活方式，而你没有其他的专长。
不要认为这些人没有共识决策体系——也许是由长辈组成的委员会。我自己也住过没有空调的地方(在佛罗里达和圣地亚哥)。100年前，在抗生素出现之前，美国就有很多儿童在婴儿期死亡。钩虫病是南方的地方病，当然人们确实有各种草药来治疗感染。
问题是，虽然我们现在有各种各样的舒适和便利，但我们的现代社会也存在各种各样的问题。那么，谁的文化更好呢?
The other answers appear to be obsessed with the human immune system. I will address what I believe your question is.
The difference between a human from 30,000 years ago and today is trivial. There is a lot of variation between modern individuals, with 7 billion examples. Modern American natives succumbed to modern European diseases, and many modern European travelers succumbed to Asian diseases from 1200–1600. And the great plagues traveled from Asia on ship and land routes via infected fleas. So…
The child is vaccinated like any other child. If not treated as “special” or “different”, the child would learn to crawl, walk, talk, go to school, and well, get a job, get married and so forth. I suppose the child could be a Neanderthal, in which case, if male, he would be an unstoppable NFL linebacker or quarterback. If Cro-Magnon, then I guess he would have to make do like the rest of us. If Asian, well she would be talented with the violin? And so much for stereotypes. Like today, there were many different socially, genetically, and geographically diverse peoples.
The child would not be dumber than their modern counterparts, unless he just happened to be dumb. I hope you would intend some sextion process before bringing the child (voluntarily with the parents permission) to the present. After all, it would take a lot of effort to build the time machine.
另一个答复似乎与人类免疫系统有关，我来回答这个问题。
3万年前人类之间差别很小。而现代个体之间的差异很大，有70亿个个体。
1200-1600年，现代美国原住民死于现代欧洲的疾病，许多现代欧洲旅行者死于亚洲的疾病。黑死病就是通过受感染的跳蚤从亚洲通过船只和陆路传播而来的，所以……
这个（3万年前的）孩子会和其他孩子一样接种疫苗。如果不被视为“特殊”或“不同”，孩子就会学习爬行、走路、说话、上学，然后找到一份工作、结婚等等。我认为这个孩子可能是一个尼安德特人，在这种情况下，如果他是男性，他将成为不可阻挡的NFL后卫或四分卫。如果是克鲁马努人，我想他就得像我们其他人一样凑合着过了。如果是亚洲人，她会有小提琴天赋吗? 这里有很多刻板印象啦。和今天一样，当时也有许多社会、基因和地理上各地不同的民族。
这个孩子不会比他们的现代同伴更笨，除非他只是碰巧比较笨。我希望你在带孩子(在家长自愿允许下)到现代之前，会考虑一些选择过程。毕竟，建造时间机器需要很多努力。
Yee….es. Within some limits.
This child comes from before the Neolithic revolution. No agriculture. We have evolved since to better digest cereals and starch; the child might be considered to suffer from mild celiac disease and require a gluten-free diet.
Also, our immune systems have evolved quite a bit since then. The child is likely to contract every disease you ever saw, a few you never heard of, and might not get life-long immunity to all of them.
Intellectually, you would be extremely unlikely to spot any difference. Behaviour, famously, does not fossilise well, so we can’t know for certain, but there is no reason to believe they didn’t have exactly the same mental faculties as we do.
The child would possibly become a top athlete; we don’t quite understand why, but our earliest written accounts describe very matter-of-factly feats of strength and stamina that modern humans can’t copy.
Mats Andersson, 译者 (1991-至今)
是的，他会跟我们一样，但有一些限制。
这个孩子来自新石器时代革命之前，那时没有农业。从那以后，我们不断进化，以更好地消化谷物和淀粉。孩子可能会被认为患有轻微腹泻，需要无麸质饮食。
此外，自那以后，我们的免疫系统已经进化了很多。孩子可能会感染你见过的每一种疾病，一些你从未听说过，而且可能不会对所有这些疾病都有终身免疫力。
从智力上来说，你几乎不可能发现任何差异。众所周知，行为并不能很好地变成化石，所以我们无法确定，但我们没有理由相信他们没有和我们一样的心智能力。
这个孩子可能会成为顶级运动员。我们不太明白其中的原因，但我们最早的书面记载实实在在地描述了现代人类无法复制的力量和耐力的壮举。
Also ability to metabolise alcohol and milk
他还会存在代谢酒精和牛奶的能力（问题）。
Methinks the earliest written accounts may be exaggerating.
我认为最早的文字记载可能有些夸张。
Maybe, but thousands of years ago there was a much stronger evolutionary pressure focused on physical capacity, so it's quite likely that people were, on average, faster and stronger back in a time when speed, strength, and stamina were more important.
也许吧，但几千年前，有一种更强大的、专注于身体能力的进化压力，所以，在那个速度、力量和耐力更为重要的时代，人们的平均速度和体力很可能会更快更强。
So if we had a time machine, we should bring back a LOT of babies and upgrade the gene pool.
所以如果我们有一台时间机器，我们应该可以带回很多婴儿并改良基因库。
lol, but apparently we need fast coders not fast runners now
哈哈哈，但很明显我们需要的是更快编程的程序员而不是跑得更快的运动员。
Sure, but what if they weren't? We have a more sedentary lifestyle, those humans wouldn't sit for long in the day, but agriculture has brought us our current lifestyle.
当然了，但如果不是呢?我们有长期久坐的生活方式，那些人不会在一天中坐很长时间的，是农业给我们带来了现在的生活方式。
He was implying that they mention feats completely impossible today, even by fit people. There are still lots of people who don't live sedentary lifestyles, in fact modern athletes and soldiers have crsfted diets and training regimes specifically designed to make them fit and strong beyond anything the ancients had. I have no doubt people were more physically fit on average back then, but the answer implied that ancient humans may have been inherently biologically superior.
他的意思是，他们提到的那些壮举在今天是完全不可能的，即使是健康的人也不可能做到。
但仍然有很多现代人不是过着久坐不动的生活方式，事实上，现代运动员和士兵已经养成了专门的饮食和训练制度，使他们比古人更健康和强壮。
毫无疑问，那时候人们的平均身体状况更健康，但他的答复暗示远古人类在生物学上可能有天生优越的地方。
Your strength and speed are the result of your lifestyle and genetics. While professional athletes have more ready access to nutrients than ancient humans, they also come from physically inferior genetic stock, since strength, speed, and stamina were sexted more heavily in the distant past.
你的力量和速度是你的生活方式和基因的结果。虽然职业运动员比远古人类更容易获得营养，但他们也有来自于劣质的遗传基因，因为在遥远的过去，力量、速度和耐力的选择更为重要。
It would die. There are many diseases that modern humans are immune to be cause they are the survivors of plagues etc that regularly killed of large numbers of people. The child would have none of the immunities we take for granted.
他会死的。现代有许多疾病，现代人是免疫的，因为他们是定期杀死大量人的瘟疫的幸存者。
那孩子就没有我们认为理所当然的豁免权了。
I have a feeling those feats of strength come mainly from living in a fairly harsh environment that demanded a ton of physical labor. Modern humans just don't do that much physical labor. When's the last time you lifted more than 50 lbs because you had to? Most people won't be able to answer that.
I've met a few older gentlemen who worked with their hands for their entire lives doing things like baling hay. Those guys are ridiculously, abnormally strong.
Or maybe they're normally strong and we're all the weaklings.
我有一种感觉，力量型特质主要来自于生活在相当恶劣的环境中，需要大量的体力劳动。现代人类不需要做那么多体力劳动。
你上一次必须举起超过50磅的重物是什么时候?大多数人都无法回答这个问题。
我遇到过一些老年人，他们一生都用双手工作，做着像捆干草这样的事情。那些家伙强壮得出奇。或许他们通常都很强壮，而我们都是弱者。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Any farmer and anyone building houses etc. will lift 25kg with ease. Any nurse has to do the same. 25kg isn't much really, a 6 year old child will weigh as much, and be occasionally picked up by his parents. LOL, i have to pick up my son ever so often.
任何农民和建造房屋的人都可以轻松地举起25公斤的东西。
而且任何护士都要做到这点。25公斤其实不算多，一个6岁的孩子也就这么重，而且偶尔会被父母抱起来。哈哈，我就经常抱起我儿子。
Ignoring all the time paradoxes… nothing. You’d have a normal human baby.
Homo-sapiens go back at least 100,000 years and many suspect up to 200,000 or slightly more. There would be few generic differences between modern humans and someone from 30,000 years ago. Child would have the same brain size, learning potential, physical abilities, etc. The only big issues would be:
Pathogens. Are they carrying something nasty and specifically… is their immune system able to deal with common viruses and diseases floating around today. They might need some vaccines and/or
Nutrition. Likely any baby from paleo times is going to have issues in terms of vitamins, minerals, etc. simply as the mother might not have had a good diet or been subject to diseases or injuries. Most ancient humans were small due to bone issues, poor diets, etc. Average human height and weight went up fairly steadily since the 1700s. Much of that could be offset by a good diet and supplements, but if the mother was in poor enough condition… entirely possible of brain or other organs having issues at birth which might not be correctable after birth.
忽略所有不合理的地方的话，这个孩子不会有任何不同，你会得到一个正常的人类宝宝。
智人的历史至少可以追溯到10万年前，许多人怀疑是20万年前或稍早一点。现代人和3万年前的人之间几乎没有共性差异。
孩子会有同样的大脑大小，学习潜力，身体能力，等等。唯一的大问题是:
病原体。他们的免疫系统是否有能力应对目前常见的病毒和疾病?他们可能需要一些疫苗。
营养。很可能任何来自旧石器时代的婴儿都有维生素、矿物质（缺乏）等方面的问题，只是因为母亲可能没有良好的饮食，或受疾病或伤害的影响。由于骨骼问题、不良饮食等原因，大多数远古人类体型很小。
自18世纪以来，人类的平均身高和体重稳步上升。大部分的损失可以通过良好的饮食和补品来弥补，但如果母亲的身体状况很差的话。完全有可能是大脑或其他器官在出生时就会出现问题，而这些问题在出生后可能无法弥补。
The biggest potential issue I can see is epigenetics. We really don’t understand very well yet how the environment in the womb and very early life impacts the expression of genes, except to say that they do.
But we do know that malnutrition and exposure to toxic materials (not all of which are exclusively modern) during pregnancy have negative consequences on children, including their brain function.
There are some indications that the father’s health and exposure to carcinogens and the like can impact his sperm as well.
Parasites and diseases may also have some impact on the outcome of pregnancies.
But it’s very likely that if you brought forward a mated pair of humans from that time, “cleaned them up” to modern standards of nutrition and health, and they produced a baby, that it would be statistically “normal” in nearly all ways.
Might be gluten and/or lactose intolerant, as those tolerances are pretty recently evolved. And as others have pointed out, diseases and our immunities have evolved a fair bit, so they might get sick a lot.
我认为最大的潜在问题是表观遗传学。我们还不太清楚子宫环境和早期生命是如何影响基因表达的。我们确实知道，怀孕期间营养不良和接触有毒物质(并非所有有毒物质都是现代的)对儿童有负面影响，包括他们的大脑功能。
有一些迹象表明，父亲的健康状况以及接触致癌物之类的东西也会影响他的精子。
寄生虫和疾病也可能对怀孕的结果产生一些影响。
但如果你从组成夫妇，然后把他们“清理干净”，然后提供达到现代营养和健康标准的饮食和生活习惯，然后他们生出来的孩子达到统计学上的“正常”，是很有可能的。
这个孩子可能出现麸质和/或乳糖不耐症，因为这些不耐症是最近才进化解决的。另外，正如其他人所指出的，疾病和我们的免疫力已经进化了很多，所以他们可能会多次生病。