东南亚曾经有过帝国吗？
Were there ever Empires in South East Asia?
译文简介
我只看到有关蒙古、日本和中华帝国的历史。但我想知道，除了这三个国家，在东南亚地区是否曾经存在过帝国，并成功征服其他领土？
正文翻译
I always see stuff and history about the Mongols, the Japanese and the Chinese Empires. But I wonder if apart from those 3, any countries further down South, in the SEA region ever had Empires? And successful conquests of other territories.
我只看到有关蒙古、日本和中华帝国的历史。但我想知道，除了这三个国家，在东南亚地区是否曾经存在过帝国，并成功征服其他领土？
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Undoubtedly the Khmer civilisation (modern day Cambodia) is the main one. During the 9th to 15th centuries almost all of SE Asia was under their control. Thai temples are similar to Cambodia's for this reason - they copied the Khmer style (not the other way round as some Thais would claim nowadays). The old city of Angkor (where the temples are, near siem reap) is over 40,000 hectares, and based on the agricultural systems would have supported up to a million inhabitants. I would highly recommend a visit before the temples are closed off or 'modernised', they are supremely impressive.
高棉文明(如今的柬埔寨) 无疑是其中之一。在9世纪到15世纪，几乎整个东南亚都在他们的控制之下。正因如此，泰国的寺庙和柬埔寨的寺庙很像，因为泰国模仿了高棉的风格。吴哥窟的面积有4万多公顷，他们的农业系统可以支持100万居民生活。在吴哥窟关闭或“现代化”之前，我强烈建议大家去参观，它令人印象深刻。
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You beat me to the Khmer! They had good hydrological engineering, and were able to grow enough rice to feed both a massive population and an army. Visiting Angkor Wat, you only see the jungle and the stone temples, the canals and reservoirs, but not the massive grid city, with multistory wood buildings and palaces that once composed a city of a million people.
高棉戳到我了！他们有优秀的水利工程，种植的水稻能够供养庞大的人口和军队。参观吴哥窟，你只会看到丛林、石庙、运河和水库，而不是庞大的网格城市，城市里有多层木结构的建筑和宫殿，这些曾经构成百万人口的城市。
The khmer looks like a Hindu kingdom just like the ones on the Indian peninsula. How did Hinduism spread there before Buddhism took over??
高棉看起来像是一个印度半岛上的印度教王国。在佛教兴盛之前，印度教是如何传播到那里的？
The Khmer Kingdom had both hinduism and buddhism, with one or the other ascendant depending on the king. The statuary and giant heads that you see at Angkor were reworked several times in the early part of the last millennium depending on which sect was preferred by the reigning king. The depth of my knowledge is paper thin, and based on visiting Siem Riep as a tourist, so I'm sure someone far more knowledgeable could provide a better answer.
高棉王国既有印度教又有佛教，哪种占主流取决于国王。你在吴哥窟看到的雕像和巨大的头像在以前重做了好几次，主要看在位的国王喜欢哪个教。我所知不多，只是个游览了暹粒的游客，所以我相信其他人的了解更深，可以提供更好的答案。
Most of South East Asia was colonised by Chola Kings. The southern Indian emperors continued to expand eastwards till Indonesia. Hence you see a lot of similarity in temples, names and culture.
Hinduism was the dominant religion then later Buddhism came to prominence.
当时东南亚大部分地区被朱罗王【朱罗国，又名注辇】殖民。南印度皇帝继续向东扩张，直到印度尼西亚。因此，你会发现这些地方的寺庙、名字和文化有很多相似之处。
当时印度教占主流地位，后来佛教开始盛行。
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Buddhism forced medi Hindu priests and intellectuals to question their own philosophies and they developed more cogent religions (there is not one Hinduism) that actively tried to convert people.
Southeast Asian kingdoms were connected to India by overseas trade, and India was their richest neighbor (China was also rich but if you look at a map, the Vietnamese coast is way more accessible to China than the rest of SEAsia and indeed, Vietnam has huge Chinese cultural influence) so the Hindu religions like Shaivism were the prestigious ones that would make a King look more important to his subjects and surrounding states. Traders would get better access to markets by converting. India was also the closest literate neighbor, and most Southeast Asian scxts are derived from Indian writing, and most writing back in the day was religious or commercial. Hinduism is polytheist but they don't claim their pantheon are the only gods in existence, so Southeast Asians could convert and retain their local gods.
Buddhism was exported to Southeast Asia at the same time as Hinduism and somehow overtook Hinduism but I'm not sure how that happened. Buddhism usually coexists with Hinduism since that system doesn't deny the existence of gods per se.
中世纪的印度教僧侣和知识分子被佛教逼迫得开始质疑起他们自己的思想体系，然后他们发展出了更能令人信服的宗教，并积极地传播。
东南亚各个王国通过海上贸易与印度交流，而印度是它们最富裕的邻国（中国也很富裕，但如果你看地图就会知道，越南沿岸才更容易去往中国，而事实上越南也受到了中国文化很大的影响），所以湿婆派这样的印度教是很盛行的，可以让臣民和周边国家更重视国王。
通过传教，商人能更容易的进入市场。另外，印度也是东南亚国家最靠近的、知识繁荣的国家，东南亚的文字大多来自印度，当时大多数文字都是关于宗教或商业的。印度教是多神教，但他们并不宣称只有他们的神存在，所以东南亚人可以在皈依的时候保留他们当地的神。
佛教和印度教同时向东南亚传播，而佛教超越了印度教，但我不知道这里面的具体情况。佛教通常与印度教共存，因为它们并不否认神本身的存在。
Almost all of South East Asia? Very debatable. Not to take away from their relevance to continental SE Asia sure, but the Majapahit Empire controlled as much territory and Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines had nothing to do with the Khmers.
It's a pet peeve of mine that Indonesia so often gets overlooked in the annals of history despite being incredibly relevant.
高棉几乎控制了东南亚？难以令人信服。我并不否认它对于东南亚大陆的意义，但满者伯夷帝国也控制了同样广大的领土，而且印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾跟高棉完全没有关系。
让我郁闷的是，印度尼西亚在历史上常常被忽视，尽管它很重要。
Agree with this completely. The majapahit empire was such a naval power it blew my mind to see exactly how much of the surrounding islands it conquered lol - plus it's very much relevant to Indonesian history and national identity,,,, and gods only know exactly how important Indonesia is in Southeast Asian affairs
完全同意你说的话。满者伯夷帝国有着非常强大的海军，在知道它征服了周边多少岛屿的时候我都震惊了，再加上它对印度尼西亚的历史和国家认同很重要，而印度尼西亚在东南亚事务中又具有及其重要的地位。
the Khmer civilisation (modern day Cambodia) is the main one.
That's not true. Bagan Empire (Burma) rivaled Khmers in its days. Later on, the 2nd Burmese Empire under Bayinnaung eclipsed the Khmers for creating the largest empire in South East Asia.
“高棉文明 (如今的柬埔寨)是其中之一”
这不对。蒲甘帝国(缅甸)在那时候能与高棉匹敌。后来，莽应龙掌控的缅甸第二帝国成了东南亚最大的帝国，让高棉黯然失色。
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Majapahit in modern-day Indonesia could probably qualify as an empire. It was more of a maritime empire than a land-based one like China, though; only other empire of that sort which I can think of is the Tu'i Tonga Empire in the South Pacific.
满者伯夷（如今的印度尼西亚）也许能算作一个帝国。不过，它不像是中国那样的大陆性帝国，更像是海洋性帝国。我能想到的唯一一个类似的帝国是南太平洋的图伊汤加帝国。
The Majapahit Empire survived something most empire did not:
They insulted/mutilated ambassadors from the Mongols.
But the Mongol horses can't ride on water.
满者伯夷帝国延续了下来，但其他帝国则没有。
他们羞辱了蒙古人的使节。
但蒙古人的马无法渡水。
The Mongols apparently didn't do too well in South Asia in general though, the heat was not something their soldiers or equipment were used to.
蒙古人在南亚的表现不太好，炎热的天气让他们的士兵和装备无法适应。
There were quite successful ones in Cambodia (Khmer), in Malaysia and Indonesia, in the Philippines, Brunei and of course Myanmar and Thailand.
Edit: Removed Philippines and added in Brunei in it's place.
在柬埔寨（高棉）、马来西亚和印度尼西亚、菲律宾（划掉）、文莱，当然还有缅甸和泰国，都有相当成功的帝国。
编辑：划掉菲律宾，增加文莱。
If we are talking about empires on the scale of the Mongols and the Romans, the Philippines from what I know may have never had their own.
They have been a part of one (Spanish) and are incredibly influenced by one (American) but the Ancient Social Structure of Philippine society may have somewhat inhibited the consolidation of communities into an empire.
There were definitely kingdoms and powerful tribes, but none to the extent (again, as far as I know) were as powerful as the Mongols etc.
如果我们说的帝国是蒙古和罗马这种规模的，那据我所知，菲律宾是没有的。
他们曾是一个帝国（西班牙）的一部分，并受到一个帝国（美国）的重大影响，但菲律宾古老的社会结构可能在某种程度上抑制了他们统一成帝国的可能性。
菲律宾确实有一些王国和强大的部落，但据我所知，并没有类似蒙古那样的帝国。
Yep, pre-colonial Philippines probably didn't have any empires, but they did have a handful of thriving city-states, highlander tribes, pirate nations, and hindu/muslim kingdoms. All of these were very different in culture and form, with different international relations (some were tributaries of China for example) and all of them were only ever truly unified into "the Philippines" with the arrival of the Americans who consolidated the highlands of Luzon and finalized the maritime border between Borneo and Mindanao.
So yeah, no empire. But IMHO the Philippines is so diverse (yet self-contained) and densely populated that it can be reorganized into a semi-cosmopolitan empire right now, if it wanted to, much in the same style as Japan had been the past few centuries.
是的，被殖民前的菲律宾没有过帝国。但他们确实有一些繁荣的城邦、高地部落、海盗国家、印度教或穆斯林王国。这些国家在文化和形式上都有很大的不同，国际关系也不同（比如有些就是中国的支流），只有当美国人到来后，巩固了吕宋，确定了婆罗洲和棉兰老岛之间的海上边界后，这些国家才真正的统一为“菲律宾”。
所以，是的，菲律宾没有帝国。但在我看来，菲律宾非常的多样化，且人口众多，如果它们想的话，可以立即统一成半世界性的帝国，就像几百年前的日本一样。
Malacca Empire/Sultanate, was around for a short time but controlled most of the wealth along the Strait of Malacca (major trading port and control point for trade between the Indian Ocean trade complex/network and the ports of Canton) during the 15th and 16th centuties. It fell due to an invasion by the Portuguese.
马六甲帝国或苏丹国曾短暂存在过，但在15到16世纪的时候控制了马六甲海峡的大部分财富。它因葡萄牙人的入侵而没落。
Yes, the kingdoms of Ava in Myanmar, majapahit in indonesia, the Khmer in cambodia, Ayyuatha in Thailand, the sultanate of Malaya are just some examples.
缅甸的东吁王朝、印度尼西亚的满者伯夷、柬埔寨的高棉、泰国的阿瑜陀耶王朝、马来亚的苏丹国就是一些例子。
Well, there's the Khmer Empire, and Thailand had its empire, but everything else was dominated by China to the north, or India to the west (Maurya, Mughal).
Indonesia and Malaysia did have empires, and you can take a look here for a surface-scratching uation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4zGw2OewIk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1suZVUoxCA (for the Polynesians).
Empires, a term used to denote a cohesive conquest, isn't going to be easy when you have islands that can defend themselves, and declare autonomy. Britain never really got absorbed into Europe (since the Roman conquest) and Japan never got absorbed into Asia - islands have that nice buffer to decide whether they want to accept other influences. Korea couldn't really refuse China, and France couldn't really refuse Germany (or vice-versa). But the islands had a better chance of picking and choosing influences, and even among islands, forming a cohesive state is less likely.
有高棉帝国，泰国也曾有过帝国，但其他的都被北边的中国或西边的印度(孔雀王朝、莫卧儿王朝)支配。
印尼和马来西亚确实有帝国，可以看看下面的【链接】大概了解一下。
帝国，一个用来象征征服的词语，但当有岛屿可以用来防御的时候，想要征服并不容易。英国从来没有真正被欧洲所吞并，日本也从来没有被亚洲吞并，岛国拥有良好的缓冲，可以拒绝接受其他帝国的影响。朝鲜无法真正的拒绝中国，法国也不能真正的拒绝德国（或反过来）。岛国拥有选择或拒绝接受影响的机会，即使在各个岛国间，形成一个统一国家的可能性也很低。
There are a some SE Asian empires you missed my friend. The Taungoo empire, short lived, but covering most of SEA for instance. But at its the Ayuthaya dynasty could definitely be considered an empire too. As does the Pagan one. SEA may be influenced by Indian states and Chinese dynasties but they were sure as hell not dominated.
你漏掉了一些东南亚帝国。比如东吁帝国，存在的时间短暂，但曾掌控东南亚大部分地区。但阿瑜陀耶王朝绝对可以算作一个帝国。蒲甘也可以算一个。东南亚或许受到了印度各个国家和中华王朝的影响，但绝不是支配。
Some great examples cited here - Khmer, Srivijaya, Majapahit. I think its also very important to note that historical South East Asian polities tended not to conform to traditional European or Chinese conceptions of a physical state with clearly delineated borders, but rather conformed more to spheres of influence - and the loyalties of a particular region tended to follow the wax and wane of various centres of influence. This is known as the Mandala polity model
有些不错的例子：高棉、三佛齐、满者伯夷。我认为有一点要注意的是，在历史上，东南亚的政体往往与传统欧洲或中国概念上的政体不同，它更像是势力范围，某个地区的忠诚往往随着势力中心的兴衰而变化。这就是曼荼罗政体模式。
I'm surprised no one here's mentioning Chola dynasty.The Cholas ruled for more than 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-ruling families in human history. Cholas had one of the most efficient navy of their time.At its peak, the Chola Navy was Asia's largest navy, with blue-water capabilities, and a personnel strength of a million men.Between 900 and 1100 CE, the navy grew from a small backwater entity to a potent maritime and diplomatic force across Asia, with maritime trade lixs extending from Arabia to China.
我很惊讶，这里竟然没有人提到朱罗王朝。朱罗王朝延续了1500多年，是人类历史上在位时间最长的家族之一。朱罗王朝拥有当时最强大的海军之一。在它的鼎盛时期，朱罗海军是亚洲最庞大的海军，具有远洋能力，达到100万人。在公元900年至1100年之间，他们的海军从小而落后发展到横跨亚洲的强大海上、外交力量，海上贸易联系从阿拉伯延伸到中国。
One thing to note is that SE Asia has relatively little written documentation. Written records in native SE Asian languages don't appear until the earliest Khmer scxts in the 7th century.
Even then, Khmer language histories are relatively sparse. Despite the fact that the Khmer language was literate, many of our major sources on the Khmer Empire come from foreign (especially Chinese) writing. For instance, the main written source regarding the golden age of Angkor comes from the Yuan dynasty diplomat Zhou Daguan and his report, The Customs of Cambodia.
As a result, other than Vietnam (which was a territory of the Chinese empire for much of its history until 938 and again from 1407-1427), most Southeast Asian countries don't have a lot of written history, which in turn limits what we know about Southeast Asian history.
For instance, for a long time historians believed that there was a proto-Khmer empire prior to the 6th century (known as Funan in the Chinese sources), but historians increasingly believe that Funan was actually a cultural region consisting of independent city states.
有一点要注意，东南亚流传下来用文字书写的文献记录相对稀少。东南亚本土语言的书面记录，直到7世纪才最早出现了高棉文字。
即使是那时，用高棉语记录的历史也相对稀少。尽管高棉拥有文字，但关于高棉帝国的主要资料，许多都来源于外国（特别是中国）的文字。例如，有关吴哥王朝黄金时代的主要书面资料，来源于元朝的外交官周达观及其报告《真腊风土记》。
因此，除了越南（在938年以前，越南大部分时候都是中华帝国的领土，1407-1427年也是），大多数东南亚国家都没有多少书面历史，这限制了我们对东南亚历史的了解。
例如，长期以来，历史学家认为在6世纪之前有一个原高棉帝国(在中国资料中称为扶南)，但历史学家逐渐认为扶南实际上是一个由独立城邦组成的文化区域。
Not an expert, and maybe not long lasting enough to be an “empire”, but I’d nominate Thailand (Siam). They were at their peak of power as western countries sailed into the east, I believe the only/largest country in that region that wasn’t colonized by England, France, Spain, or Portugal, as well as resisting other Asian powers during that time
我不是专家，也许它存续的时间不够长久，不足以成为“帝国”，但我提名泰国（暹罗）。当西方国家向东方航行时，暹罗正处于其实力的巅峰期，我认为它是这个地区没有被英国、法国、西班牙或葡萄牙殖民的唯一或最大的国家，也是那时候抵抗其他亚洲强国的唯一国家。
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You forgot the Dutch, but yes, Thailand is the only country in SEA that was never colonised by a Western power.
你忘了荷兰，但确实，泰国是东南亚唯一没有被西方列强殖民过的国家。
That was less about their power and more their geographic location between British Burma and French Indochina.
这跟它们的实力关系不大，跟他们在英属缅甸和法属印支之间的地理位置关系更大。
Correct. The only two countries in Asia which avoided colonization were Thailand and Japan, and perhaps China depending how you consider the unequal treaties and outright Western control of certain major cities. Thailand, however, did lose about 1/3 of its territory to France so maybe not them either.
确实。亚洲唯二没有被殖民的国家就是泰国和日本，也许还有中国，这取决于你如何看待不平等条约和西方对某些主要城市的完全控制。然而，泰国确实有大约三分之一的领土被法国占领了，所以它可能也不能算。
Was Korea colonized by a western force or only by Japan?
朝鲜是被西方势力殖民还是只被日本殖民？
Korea and Taiwan were both colonized by Japan. And I'm counting Mongolia as a client state of the Soviet unx which is really just another form of imperialism.
韩国和台湾都被日本殖民。我认为蒙古是苏联的附庸国，这其实是帝国主义的另一种形式。
There were plenty. The Taungoo empire, Siam, Khmer, Srivijaya, Majapahit, Brunei, though maybe not quite on the scale of empires in other places. I assume the jungles and mountains in the area might have made expansion difficult.
有过很多帝国。东吁帝国、暹罗、高棉、三佛齐、满者伯夷、文莱，虽然他们的规模可能没有其他地区的帝国那么庞大。我认为这个地区的丛林和山脉让扩张难以进行。
Oddly Vietnam seems to be escaping mention in most of the comments. While often dominated by its more powerful northern neighbours in China, it was an empire that did last some time and expanded from its heartlands to what is now modern Vietnam.
奇怪，好像都没有多少人提到越南。虽然它经常被更强大的北方邻国中国统治，但它作为一个帝国确实延续了一段时间，并从其核心地带扩张到现代越南的规模。