网友讨论：为什么中国的发展速度比印度快得多？（三）

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QA
Shobha Pai
An undeveloped country, suffering from famine, became an economic superpower that took over the world’s production in less than fifty years.China keeps growing faster than any other big country ever has.What mysteries lie behind its success?Three crucial factors have attributed to China’s economic miracle: a gigantic population, production efficiency and intensity and capital, in other words, its total factor productivity.China’s TFP contributed to one third of its growth, while China’s labor force was vital during the earlier period.The mix of these three factors are what drives China’s amazing growth.Industrialization meets one billion workers.China’s massive population proved to be a gift from the gods.Before China’s One-Child Policy in 1979, China had an incredibly high birth rate. This eventually led to China’s working age population (15-64 years old) reaching one billion by 2014. This seemingly infinite labor force was a perfect match for industrialization.Lately, China’s been stepping in its Northeast Asian rivals’ shoes – Japan and South Korea. They started transitioning into the technology and services sector.Fortunately for China, its workers’ skills, also referred to as human capital, have evolved at the same pace as its development phases. For an economy to grow, you need a big enough workforce with the necessary skills.Human capital investment skyrockets in China.In the early 1990s demand for skilled employees skyrocketed as foreign investments increased. Investing in a population’s skills and education benefits not only the individual, but also the industry. Workers’ productivity will go up and they are able to produce more advanced products.ONE ROAD RESEARCH:When companies and society grow simultaneously, it will hardly effect labor costs per unit. It’s a situation where everyone benefits and it drives the economy forward.They say imitation is highest form of flattery.Trying to find something that isn’t made in China can be surprisingly difficult nowadays.

一个遭受饥荒的不发达国家，在不到五十年的时间里成为了一个经济超级大国，控制了世界的生产。中国的经济增长速度比任何其他大国都要快。它的成功背后隐藏着什么秘密？
中国的经济奇迹有三个关键因素:巨大的人口数量、生产效率、生产强度和资本，换句话说，就是全要素生产率。中国的全要素生产率贡献了其增长的三分之一，而中国的劳动力在早期是至关重要的。

这三个因素的结合是中国惊人增长的驱动力。工业化满足了十亿工人的需求。事实证明，中国庞大的人口是上帝赐予的礼物。在1979年的独生子女政策之前，中国的出生率高得令人难以置信。这最终导致中国的劳动年龄人口(15-64岁)在2014年达到10亿。这种看似无限的劳动力是工业化的完美结合。

最近，中国一直在步其东北亚对手——日本和韩国的后尘。他们开始向技术和服务领域转型。幸运的是，中国工人的技能，也被称为人力资本，已经与其发展阶段同步发展。
为了经济的增长，你需要一个足够大的拥有必要技能的劳动力。中国人力资本投资飙升。在20世纪90年代早期，随着外国投资的增加，对专业员工的需求急剧上升。对人口的技能和教育进行投资不仅有利于个人，也有利于整个行业。工人的生产力提高，他们就能够生产更先进的产品。
当公司和社会同时增长时，它几乎不会影响单位劳动力成本。这是一种每个人都能从中受益，并推动经济向前发展的局面。他们说模仿是奉承的最高形式。如今，想要找到不是中国制造的东西可能会异常困难。

Erwin Anciano
This is a complex question, but if I had to boil it down, it’s because of Chinese patriotism and nationalism.China managed to create a manufacturing base early on that became the world’s choice for producing pretty much all of the world’s technological products. When the technology boom happened, China just raked in the profits, being perfectly positioned to be the choice for all companies and industries the world over for sourcing their manufacturing.India did no such thing. India’s moves to develop their company came a little later, and they focused on software services and engineering rather than manufacturing. India wasn’t able to consolidate the market and become the best choice for everyone looking to outsource software development. They’re a major player, but they aren’t the only big ones in this field. They are facing stiff competition from Israel and other parts of Asia.China? Nobody can compete with China’s manufacturing. It’s a lot harder to create the kind of manufacturing infrastructure China has, compared to training and educating a legion of developers like India is doing.China invested in a manufacturing base and infrastructure whereas India is almost just at the starting point with a small portion of highways around the country. China is done with all that, because they prioritized manufacturing and infrastructure from the get go. But it has to be really hard to do that, right?Because to do so, it would require a lot of coordination and proper allocation of resources. India had a drive, a strategy to build a legion of software engineers, but the government didn’t support that.How did China manage to do it? Well one thing is that China is a basically a dictatorship with a government that controls every aspect of the nation’s development.We saw a similar thing with Singapore.Compare this to India, where people do not really love their country and the Indian leaders in government are renowned for being among the most corrupt in the world. India’s top talent is leaving the country in a vast exodus, to become the CEOs of companies like Microsoft and Google. They aren’t staying in India to develop the country.That is the big difference between these two nations. And that is actually the big difference between most of the developing world (countries like The Philippines and a ton of African countries) and nations that have achieved greatness like South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Israel, and now China. These countries have a strong sense of patriotism and national pride, one that ensures its citizens and more importantly its leaders aren’t squandering resources and doing things for the good of the motherland.



Ajay Kumar Verma
Who is more developed, China or India?Not sure about China but India is both, Awesome & Awful.Let some Chinese gentlemen tell who is more developed?PLUS POINTS OF INDIA:1. Green Revolution: Became self sufficient in food production after about 30 years of independence (1947 to 1977).2. White Revolution: Became self sufficient in milk production in about 20 years (1970 to 1990).3. Communication Revolution (1990 onwards & continuing).4. Established as the largest democracy & is surviving in spite of having so much diversities in language, religion, ethnicity, cultures etc.5. Leading the world in IT, Space research etc.6. 7th Largest economy in the world.7. Now Power Surplus country etc.WE ARE TERRIBLE DUE TO FOLLOWING:1. Crime against women.2. Tremendous corruption.3. Too much of Hypocrisy, even among common man.4. Prostitution.5. Slums.6. Lack of cleanliness.7. Female foeticide.8. Our extremely poor performance in Olympics.9. General perception of the country as a soft state.

谁更发达，中国还是印度？我不确定中国怎么样，但是印度既有优点又有缺点。让一些中国人来告诉我们谁更发达？
印度的优点:1.绿色革命:独立30年后(1947年至1977年)，粮食生产实现自给自足。2.白色革命:在大约20年(1970年至1990年)内实现了牛奶生产的自给自足。3.通信革命(1990年起持续到现在)。4。尽管在语言、宗教、民族、文化等方面存在着如此多的差异，但是我们建立了最大的民主国家。5.在信息技术、空间研究等方面处于世界领先地位。6.世界第七大经济体。7.现在有足够的电力甚至过剩。

我们的缺点:1.针对妇女的犯罪。2.巨大的腐败。3.太多的虚伪，即使在普通人之间也是如此。4.卖淫。5.贫民窟。6.缺乏清洁。7.女性堕胎。8.我们在奥运会上表现极差。9.人们普遍认为这个国家是一个软弱的国家。

The Shadow
There is a one word answer：Communism.I am an Indian and I know there is a growing Hypocrisy in India.Most Indians Claim to be liberal and tolerant but infact they are deeply religiously Orthodox and cannot hear against their religion.They say about equality,socialism and many other Left ideologies but have promoted the rise of Fascist and Far Right parties in their country(I will not name those parties).India has a reservation system which is critized widely for giving jobs to people who don''''t deserve it. There is 59.5% reservation in gov jobs and institutions.Under the new gov the GDP growth rate of the country has continuously declined, 8.4 %in 2015,7.1 in 2016, 6.8 in 2017, 6.2 in 2018 and 5.8% in 2019. But all of this is Ignored because of two reasons: ULTRANATIONALISM AND RELIGION.The gov has successfully diverted people''''s attention to matters like Pakistan, construction of temple of Ram etc.Not only China but numerous other countries have taken benefit of Communism like Vietnam,Cuba,USSR etc.Even the state with highest HDI(Human Development Index),Highest literacy ,highest GDP per capita and lowest poverty in India is Communist Kerala.While China adopted a Marxist economy India adopted a Capitalist economy which has sowed the seeds of inequality in India.The government of India claims to lay 500km of High speed rail in 15 years, but China has laid 16,000 km of High speed rail in 10 years.The only thing in which India is ahead of China is building temples. India has build 100 million temples since Independence,that is 1 per 14 people while Chinese gov. has built 0.China has mass mobilised it''''s population amd has done massive construction projects to improve it''''s infrastructure. While in India the existing infrastructure is burdened with people and the old bridges are falling on weekly basis.China invests massively in education and creativity while the gov schools of India are overpopulated with children. There is no creativity in India and everyone wants to go in the same profession either engineer or doctor.The people need to wake up and take up a part in the development of the nation and fight corruption.

答案只有一个：我是一个印度人，我知道印度的虚伪正在增长。大多数印度人自称是自由和宽容的，但事实上他们是虔诚的东正教徒，不能听到反对他们宗教的声音。他们宣扬平等、社会主义和许多其他左派意识形态，但却促进了法西斯和极右党派在他们国家的崛起(我不会说出这些党派的名字)。

印度有一个保留制度，这个制度被广泛批评，因为它给那些不配得到工作的人提供工作机会。在政府部门和机构中，有59.5%的机构有保留职位。在新的政府下，国家的GDP增长率持续下降，2015年为8.4%，2016年为7.1%，2017年为6.8%，2018年为6.2%，2019年为5.8%。

但是所有这些都被忽视了，原因有两个:极端民族主义和宗教。政府成功地将人们的注意力转移到巴基斯坦、建造罗摩寺等问题上。不仅是中国，还有其他许多国家都受益于共产主义，如越南、古巴、苏联等。
在印度，人类发展指数最高、识字率最高、人均国内生产总值最高、贫困率最低的邦也是采用gc主义的喀拉拉邦。当中国采用马克思主义经济时，印度采用了资本主义经济，这在印度播下了不平等的种子。

印度政府声称要在15年内铺设500公里的高速铁路，但中国在10年内铺设了16000公里的高速铁路。印度唯一领先于中国的事情就是建造寺庙。印度自独立以来已经建造了1亿座寺庙，即每14人中有1座寺庙，而中国建造了0座寺庙。
中国已经动员了大量的人口，做了大量的建设项目来改善它的基础设施。而在印度，现有的基础设施负担沉重，老旧的桥梁每周都在倒塌。
中国在教育和创造力方面投入了大量资金，而印度的公立学校孩子太多。印度没有创造力，每个人都想从事同样的职业，无论是工程师还是医生。人民需要觉醒，参与到国家发展和反腐败斗争中来。



Ayush Raj
The true statement is that China has developed WAY faster than India and nearly all developing countries since 1979, at a stage where India was richer than China.Today, an average Chinese earns about three times more than average Indian.In other development indicators like health and education, you will find China way ahead of India.Similarly, you may check all the development indicators like literacy, life expectancy, income (except pollution) , and you will definitely find that China is more developed and people in China have better standard of living than any area in India. The high development of China is also due to the fact that though India has many people in high tech sectors, but it has much bigger number of extremely poor peasants and laborers in cities. On the other hand, the jobs in China may not be of that high quality, but everyone is getting it and the country has almost eradicated poverty unlike India.

自1979年以来，中国的发展速度比印度和几乎所有的发展中国家都快，而当时印度比中国富裕。如今，中国人的平均收入是印度人的三倍。在健康和教育等其它发展指标方面，你会发现中国遥遥领先于印度。
同样，你可以检查所有的发展指标，如识字率、预期寿命、收入(污染除外)，你肯定会发现，中国比印度任何地区都更发达，中国人的生活水平也更高。中国的高速发展也是基于这样一个事实，即虽然印度在高科技领域有很多人，但是它在城市里有更多的极端贫困的农民工。另一方面，中国的工作质量可能不高，但是每个人都能得到工作，而且不像印度，中国几乎消除了贫困。

Jai Dubey
China having 6 ports in the list of the world''''s most 10 busiest port while India have none in the list. Last year Chinese real estate build 800 million sq feet of construction that is more than the summation of the all other state''''s construction. Shenzhen, A port city of the china have the population of the more than 10 million today but that have only 10 thousands population in 1970s. Today, Shenzhen considered as poster boy of the SEZ model across the world while Indian SEZ story has been waned.Chinese growth story have no parallel in the world and so not having the India. There are number of the reason that China got success to build world class infrastructure withing short span of the 3 decades. China is rule by the one state party while India is multi party democracy. China''''s economic growth led by the export while Indian growth depend upon domestic market. This list of the difference is too long.Let start with the main reasons and fundamental reason that How China build world class infra and India fail to do so ? -China is state-nation while India is nation- state. China also have the multi ethnic population but in china, the state machinery dominate on all nationals. While India is nation state, where constitution gives various safeguard to various communities to preserve their culture and customs. Second reason is the form of the governance. India is multi party democratic state while china is single party democratic state. Chinese democracy is not less than aristocracy in nature. In Addition, India having the federal government where the powers has been distributed between the unx and state governments. Chinese government enjoys unlimited powers. Third major reason is the Chinese economic growth. in 1970s, China embraced the market based liberal economic growth model while mantling non liberal political order. This helps china to maintain double digit growth for the 3 decade. This growth provided the revenue that help to build infrastructure. On anther hand the Indian growth called the ''''hindu growth of rate" that is 2-3% annual till the last decade. Indian growth rate remains lower than china and this restrict the government capacity to fuse money in the infrastructure development.China having the history o the strong state and weak society while India have always strong society and weak state. China having absence of the civil society groups that works for the human rights , environment etc. While India have the presence of the strong civil society. Indian state have to face the opposition of these groups in many infrastructure projects. In India , Government has to carry out lengthy Environment and social impact assessment before major infrastructure projects while Chinese state enjoys privilege of the supreme power and they do not need to do such process. Today the china have the one of the highest dams in the world. Indian state also began th dam construction since 1950s but the progress remains slow due to the strong presence of the civil groups. Thus, one compares the china and Indian infrastructure development story though the various leans of the Human rights , Ecology, output of the investment etc. India is the turtle while China is like hare. Chinese growth is fast but in long term it''''s the turtle which wins the race due to it''''s slow and steady progress.

中国有6个港口位列全球最繁忙的10个港口之列，而印度则没有。去年中国房地产建筑面积达8亿平方英尺，超过了所有国家的总和。
深圳是中国的一个港口城市，今天有1000多万的人口，但在70年代只有1万多人。今天，深圳被认为是世界各地经济特区模式的典范，而印度经济特区却日渐式微。

中国的增长故事在世界上是无与伦比的，但印度没有。中国之所以能在短短30年内成功建设世界级的基础设施，有很多原因。
中国是一党专政，而印度是多党民主。中国的经济增长主要依靠出口，而印度的经济增长主要依靠国内市场。这个差异列表太长了。

让我们从中国如何建设世界一流的基础设施而印度却未能做到这一点的主要原因和根本原因开始吧？中国也有多民族的人口，但在中国，国家控制着所有的国民。而印度是民主国家，宪法赋予各个社区各种保护措施，以保护他们的文化和习俗。
第二个原因是治理的形式。印度是多党民主国家，而中国是一党民主国家。中国的民主在本质上并不亚于贵族。此外，印度拥有联邦政府，在联邦政府和州政府之间分配权力。

第三个主要原因是中国的经济增长。20世纪70年代，中国接受了以市场为基础的自由主义经济增长模式，同时赋予非自由主义政治秩序以权力。这有助于中国在未来30年保持两位数的增长。这种增长为基础设施建设提供了收入。另一方面，印度的增长被称为“印度式增长率”，直到上一个十年每年只增长2-3%。现在印度的经济增长速度仍低于中国，这限制了政府在基础设施建设中融资的能力。

中国有国家强社会弱的历史，而印度一直是社会强国家弱。中国缺乏从事人权、环境等方面工作的公民社会团体。而印度拥有强大的公民社会。在许多基础设施项目中，印度政府不得不面对这些团体的反对。在印度，政府必须在重大基础设施项目之前进行冗长的环境和社会影响评估，而中国享有最高权力的特权，他们不需要这样做。

今天中国有世界上最高的水坝之一。自20世纪50年代以来，印度也开始了大坝建设，但由于民间团体的强大存在，进展仍然缓慢。因此，从人权、生态、投资产出等方面比较中国和印度的基础设施发展状况。印度是乌龟，而中国是野兔。中国的经济增长速度很快，但是从长远来看，由于缓慢而稳定的发展，乌龟才是赢家。

Sanchit Gupta
Why has China, despite being equal to India in 1970, outgrown India so much that its current per capita GDP is 5 times that of India?China did many things right. India lacked.The few important factors responsible for this big difference are:Governance: This is the biggest and most important factor. India being a democracy had to go through many barriers and roadblocks to reforms. Its basic, every democracy faces this. Wait, don''''t blame India, India is not just a democracy but the biggest and diverse one, its natural to have roadblocks to reforms. But we actually delayed a lot. China, on the other hand is run by a single party like a corporation, they didn''''t have much to worry about roadblocks to reforms or their people not being heard. Well, they knew they are heading right, and they did.Swift Decision Making: This is what you need when you are transforming from a developing to an industrialising country. We are very familiar how swift decision making is unfamiliar to our politicians. Well, coalitions make them further more difficult.Opening the gates: We all know that India adopted its globalisation, liberalisation and privatisation policies in 1991. China was quite ahead, in 1978 itself. That made a big difference. They prepared themselves and then they opened the gates. With such a big untapped market, capital in flowed in China and then they bloomed. Since then, China has rescued a big percentage of its poor from poverty trap.Demographic boom: During China''''s high growth years, China was experiencing a period of demographic boom which means most of its population was young and of the working age. This demographic setup gives a boom to economic growth. Now it has slowly started ageing. India today is at the same demographic boom like China''''s, hope it utilises it wisely. These were the most important and the biggest factors responsible for the difference while there were many micro level policing differences and a very good promotional criteria policy for the bureaucrats in China which made them more efficient.

为什么尽管在1970年中国与印度持平，现在却远远超过了印度，以至于现在的人均GDP是印度的5倍？中国做了很多正确的事情，而印度却没有。
造成这种巨大差异的几个重要因素是:

治理:这是最大和最重要的因素。印度作为一个民主国家，改革必须克服许多障碍和障碍。这是每个民主国家都面临的基本问题。等等，别怪印度，印度不仅是一个民主国家，而且是一个最大的、多样化的国家，改革自然会遇到障碍。这使我们实际上拖延了很多时间。另一方面，中国是由一个政党像一个公司那样管理的，他们不需要担心改革的障碍或者他们的人民听不到他们的声音。他们知道他们正朝着正确的方向前进，他们确实是这样做的。

快速决策:这是你从一个发展中国家向一个工业化国家转变所需要的。我们非常清楚，我们的政治家对快速决策是多么陌生。联合政府使这变得更加困难。
对外开放:我们都知道，印度在1991年采取了全球化、自由化和私有化的政策。而中国在1978年就开始了，遥遥领先于印度。这就产生了很大的不同。他们做好了准备，然后打开了大门。拥有如此巨大的未开发市场，资本在中国流动，然后蓬勃发展。从那以后，中国把很大一部分穷人从贫困陷阱中解救出来。

人口激增:在中国经济高速增长的年代，中国经历了一段人口激增的时期，这意味着中国大部分人口都是年轻人和适龄劳动者。这种人口结构为经济增长带来了繁荣。现在它已经开始慢慢老化。今天的印度正处于和中国一样的人口繁荣时期，希望它能明智地加以利用。这些都是造成差异的最重要和最大的因素，同时也有许多微观层面的政策差异和一个非常好的晋升标准政策，这使中国的官员更有效率。



Bishvesh Pachauli
What made China develop so fast compared to India?Curious about why China has done so well, the number of Chinese workers, a sharp, sustained increase in productivity (that is, increased worker efficiency) was the driving force behind the economic boom.If we think India provides the cheapest Labor to the world, Hold on ! Its China. In addition to cheapest , they are more skilled and efficient.The only reason why China wants to be a hub of cheap labor all through the world is not just cheap Labour but also it wants to incorporate "English" in their lifestyle. Once they are done with that, they are going to overtake any developed country with by their technology and we can see that by 2020.

是什么让中国比印度发展得更快？中国工人的数量、生产率的持续大幅提高(即工人效率的提高)是经济繁荣背后的推动力。如果我们认为印度为世界提供了最廉价的劳动力，但中国除了最便宜，他们更有技能和效率。中国希望成为全世界廉价劳动力中心的唯一原因不仅仅是廉价劳动力，还希望将“英语”融入他们的生活方式。一旦他们做到这一点，他们将在技术上超越任何发达国家，我们可以在2020年看到这一点。

Leo Guo
I see a lot of good analysis from economic or enviorement, what I want to comment is from History:in past of almost 2000 years, CHINA is most of time a united country, same language/writing/length/capacity/weight, overall in the land they are most likely same, but INDIA just a word from western record, the united country actually is just from British handover, all kinds of nationalities and language still there.In recently past 100 years, China suffered all kinds of victim of aggression, internal Wars, westernization movement，Hundred Days'' Reform，Wars with Japan，even with CCP new China, still rectification movement, the Great Cultural Revolution, it is painful and curel roads for Chinese people, but with all kinds of “Blood and Iron” courses，we are now on One direction to move, we don''t talk too much about politics but only good things for this country, But India , they have nothing for critical transformation, jut put all kinds of people together,even we cannot say it is a real country

我看到很多经济或环境方面的好的分析，但我想评论的是历史:
在过去将近两千年的时间里，中国大部分时间是一个统一的国家，有相同的语言/文字/度量衡，总的来说，在这片土地上他们的文化很可能是相同的，但印度只是西方记录中的一个词，这个统一的国家实际上只是由于英国的移交，各种各样的民族和语言仍然存在。

近百年来，中国经历了侵略、内战、西化运动、百日维新、抗日战争，和新中国，还有整风运动等，中国人民走了一条痛苦而艰难的道路，但是在各种“血与铁”的教训中，我们找到了正确的方向，我们没有过多谈论政治，只谈论对这个国家有益的东西，但印度没有批判性的转变，只是把各种各样的人放在了一起，我们甚至都不能说它是一个真正的国家。

Viren Rehal
Why does China have a GDP of 9.24 trillion as compared to India''s 1.87?In the early 1990s, India and china had almost equal GDP. However, China grew at a much faster rate in the later years and India lagged behind. Major reasons:- India''s dependence on agriculture- even today, agriculture employs about 49% population with only 13% GDP contribution in India.- Anti-industrial and corporate policies i.e. pessimistic business environment.- Low foreign investment (FDI) due to unfavourable business environment.- poor technology due to low investment.- low productivity due to poor technology.- primitive education system.- corruption.- incompetent political parties with uneducated politicians.All the above reasons are interlixed. Large employment in agriculture and incompetent political parties leading to anti-corporate and pro-farmer policies. Low foreign investment and poor technology due to pessimistic business environment and corruption i.e. low productivity. Therefore, low GDP.

为什么中国的GDP是9.24万亿而印度是1.87万亿？上世纪90年代初，印度和中国的GDP几乎相当。然而，中国在最后几年的经济增长速度要快得多，印度则落在了后面。主要原因是:
印度对农业的依赖——即使在今天，农业仍然雇佣着大约49%的人口，而对印度GDP的贡献仅占13%。

反工业和企业政策，即悲观的商业环境。由于不利的商业环境，外国直接投资较少。由于投资少，技术落后。由于技术落后，生产率低下。
还有原始教育制度，贪污、无能的政党和未受过教育的政客。上述原因都是相互关联的。农业部门大量就业和不称职的政党导致反企业和支持农民的政策。由于商业环境悲观和腐败，生产力低下，外国投资少，技术落后。因此，GDP偏低。

Ronak Malvadkar
1)after independence china choose agriculture as their prime motive force and after 1970 with 20yrs infrastructure creation they choose industry as their prime motive force.while In india''s case we choose industry as prime motive force after independence with lack of infrastructure like no transport facilities, no market, less purchasing power of vast population which is most require for industry sector.2)in case of china,industry sector has near about 50% contribution in their GDP where as in case of India it is only 28%.3)india''s service sector contribution in GDP is 60% which provides just 15% population employment.4)China recently moving towards capitalism while india remained as socialist.The above facts indicates why China has more GDP than india.

1)独立以后，中国选择农业作为主要动力，1970年以后，在20年的基础设施建设中，中国选择了工业作为主要动力。而在印度，独立以后，我们选择了工业作为主要动力，缺乏基础设施，没有交通设施，也没有市场，广大人口的购买力较低，而这些都是工业部门最需要的。

2)就中国而言，工业部门对其GDP的贡献率接近50%，而印度只有28%。
3)印度服务业在GDP中的贡献率为60%，仅提供了15%的人口就业。
4)中国最近走向了资本主义，而印度仍然保持社会主义。上述事实说明了为什么中国的GDP比印度高。